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Britain & the wider world: 1745 -1901
1l the quest for political stability: germany, 1871-1991
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Medieval period: 1066 -1509
2d religious conflict and the church in england, c1529-c1570
2o democracy and nazism: germany, 1918-1945
1f industrialisation and the people: britain, c1783-1885
1c the tudors: england, 1485-1603
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Psychology
11 Dec 2025
445
4 pages
Ever wondered why some people seem to get stuck in negative thinking patterns that lead to depression? The... Show more
Your brain develops negative schemas during childhood - basically mental templates that make you see everything negatively. These might form from harsh criticism, rejection, or bad experiences with parents, peers, or teachers.
Once these schemas are locked in, they create systematic cognitive bias - your brain automatically twists situations to fit the negative pattern. It's like wearing dark-tinted glasses that make everything look gloomy.
The bias shows up in specific ways minimisation (treating successes as flukes), maximisation (turning small failures into disasters), mind reading (assuming people think badly of you), and fortune telling (predicting doom).
When you face new situations that remind your brain of past negative experiences, these schemas kick in automatically. An exam might trigger the same negative thinking patterns you developed from childhood criticism.
Remember These thinking patterns feel completely real and logical when you're experiencing them, even though they're actually distorted.
Strong research backs up the idea that negative thinking patterns actually cause depression rather than just being a symptom. Bates et al (1999) showed that when depressed people were exposed to negative automatic thoughts, their depression got worse - proving these thoughts have real power.
Even more convincing is Grazioli and Terry's study of pregnant women. They found that women with cognitive vulnerability (tendency towards negative thinking) before birth were much more likely to develop postnatal depression afterwards.
This evidence is brilliant because it supports both Beck's negative triad and Ellis's ABC model. If negative thoughts were just random, they wouldn't have such a clear impact on people's mental health.
Key Insight The research proves that how we think directly affects how we feel - negative thoughts aren't just coincidence, they're actually driving depression.
Beck's negative triad identifies three core negative beliefs that fuel depression negative views of yourself ("I am worthless"), the world ("no one loves me"), and the future ("things will never change"). These three perspectives work together to create a complete negative worldview.
Ellis's ABC model takes a different angle, focusing on how irrational beliefs create problems. A = activating event (something happens), B = belief (how you interpret it), C = consequences (your emotional response).
Ellis identified mustabatory thinking as the root problem - believing certain things must be true for happiness. The three big ones are everyone must approve of you, you must succeed at everything, and the world owes you happiness.
When reality inevitably fails to meet these impossible standards, disappointment and depression follow. Both models show how unrealistic expectations and negative interpretations create mental health problems.
Quick Tip Neither model suggests depression is a choice - they both recognise these thinking patterns often develop unconsciously and need professional help to change.
The cognitive approach has led to Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT), which helps people challenge and reality-test their negative thoughts. This therapy works really well for many patients and has huge economic benefits - when people recover from depression, they can work again and contribute to society.
However, there's a major problem this approach can blame the patient for their own depression. Telling someone their mental health issues are "all in their head" can make them feel responsible for their suffering and delay them getting help.
The approach is also quite reductionist - it oversimplifies depression by focusing mainly on thoughts. Real depression often involves complex combinations of biological factors, social circumstances, family problems, and life events that can't be explained by negative thinking alone.
Statistics show it takes people with depression an average of 10 years to seek help, partly because they feel blamed for their condition.
Critical Point While negative thinking definitely plays a role in depression, it's rarely the whole story - most cases need a more comprehensive understanding.
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
4
Smart Tools NEW
Transform this note into: ✓ 50+ Practice Questions ✓ Interactive Flashcards ✓ Full Mock Exam ✓ Essay Outlines
Quotes from every main character
English LiteratureApp Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
Ever wondered why some people seem to get stuck in negative thinking patterns that lead to depression? The cognitive approach suggests it's all about how we process and interpret the world around us, focusing on distorted thought patterns and negative... Show more
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Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Your brain develops negative schemas during childhood - basically mental templates that make you see everything negatively. These might form from harsh criticism, rejection, or bad experiences with parents, peers, or teachers.
Once these schemas are locked in, they create systematic cognitive bias - your brain automatically twists situations to fit the negative pattern. It's like wearing dark-tinted glasses that make everything look gloomy.
The bias shows up in specific ways: minimisation (treating successes as flukes), maximisation (turning small failures into disasters), mind reading (assuming people think badly of you), and fortune telling (predicting doom).
When you face new situations that remind your brain of past negative experiences, these schemas kick in automatically. An exam might trigger the same negative thinking patterns you developed from childhood criticism.
Remember: These thinking patterns feel completely real and logical when you're experiencing them, even though they're actually distorted.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Strong research backs up the idea that negative thinking patterns actually cause depression rather than just being a symptom. Bates et al (1999) showed that when depressed people were exposed to negative automatic thoughts, their depression got worse - proving these thoughts have real power.
Even more convincing is Grazioli and Terry's study of pregnant women. They found that women with cognitive vulnerability (tendency towards negative thinking) before birth were much more likely to develop postnatal depression afterwards.
This evidence is brilliant because it supports both Beck's negative triad and Ellis's ABC model. If negative thoughts were just random, they wouldn't have such a clear impact on people's mental health.
Key Insight: The research proves that how we think directly affects how we feel - negative thoughts aren't just coincidence, they're actually driving depression.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Beck's negative triad identifies three core negative beliefs that fuel depression: negative views of yourself ("I am worthless"), the world ("no one loves me"), and the future ("things will never change"). These three perspectives work together to create a complete negative worldview.
Ellis's ABC model takes a different angle, focusing on how irrational beliefs create problems. A = activating event (something happens), B = belief (how you interpret it), C = consequences (your emotional response).
Ellis identified mustabatory thinking as the root problem - believing certain things must be true for happiness. The three big ones are: everyone must approve of you, you must succeed at everything, and the world owes you happiness.
When reality inevitably fails to meet these impossible standards, disappointment and depression follow. Both models show how unrealistic expectations and negative interpretations create mental health problems.
Quick Tip: Neither model suggests depression is a choice - they both recognise these thinking patterns often develop unconsciously and need professional help to change.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
The cognitive approach has led to Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT), which helps people challenge and reality-test their negative thoughts. This therapy works really well for many patients and has huge economic benefits - when people recover from depression, they can work again and contribute to society.
However, there's a major problem: this approach can blame the patient for their own depression. Telling someone their mental health issues are "all in their head" can make them feel responsible for their suffering and delay them getting help.
The approach is also quite reductionist - it oversimplifies depression by focusing mainly on thoughts. Real depression often involves complex combinations of biological factors, social circumstances, family problems, and life events that can't be explained by negative thinking alone.
Statistics show it takes people with depression an average of 10 years to seek help, partly because they feel blamed for their condition.
Critical Point: While negative thinking definitely plays a role in depression, it's rarely the whole story - most cases need a more comprehensive understanding.
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
4
Smart Tools NEW
Transform this note into: ✓ 50+ Practice Questions ✓ Interactive Flashcards ✓ Full Mock Exam ✓ Essay Outlines
Quotes from every main character
English LiteratureApp Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
Sociology