Attachment Theories and Research

This page explores various theories and research studies related to attachment, providing a comprehensive overview of the field's development and key findings.

The discussion begins with Lorenz's study on imprinting in geese, which demonstrated that baby geese would imprint on the first moving object they saw after hatching. This study introduced the concept of a critical period for attachment formation.

Example: In Lorenz's study, geese born in an incubator imprinted on Lorenz himself, illustrating how early experiences can shape attachment behaviors.

The learning theory explanation of attachment is then presented, suggesting that infants learn to attach to their caregivers through classical and operant conditioning, associating them with the provision of food and comfort. However, this theory is critiqued for oversimplifying the attachment process.

Bowlby's monotropic theory is introduced as a pivotal concept in attachment research. This theory proposes that humans are biologically predisposed to form attachments, with infants possessing innate behaviors $social releasers$ that reinforce attachment bonds.

Definition: Bowlby's monotropic theory posits that infants are biologically programmed to form a single, strong attachment $monotropy$ with a primary caregiver, typically the mother.

Key aspects of Bowlby's theory are outlined:

• The concept of monotropy $one strong attachment$
• The development of an internal working model based on the first relationship
• The idea of a safe base provided by the mother
• A critical period of 2 years for attachment formation

The theory is evaluated, noting support from Brazelton's research and animal studies, but also highlighting contradictory evidence from Schaffer and Emerson regarding multiple attachments.

Harlow's research with rhesus monkeys is then described, which investigated the relative importance of food versus comfort in attachment formation. This groundbreaking study found that comfort was more crucial than food for attachment, challenging previous assumptions.

Highlight: Harlow's research demonstrated that infant monkeys preferred a soft, cloth-covered surrogate mother over a wire mother that provided food, emphasizing the importance of comfort in attachment formation.

The page concludes with a description of Ainsworth's strange situation experiment, a seminal study in attachment research. This controlled observation procedure assessed infants' attachment styles based on their reactions to separation and reunion with their mothers.

Ainsworth identified three main attachment styles:

1. Secure attachment
2. Insecure avoidant attachment
3. Insecure resistant attachment

The study's evaluation notes its good reliability due to multiple observers but raises ethical concerns about causing mild distress in some infants.

Finally, the text touches on cultural variations in attachment patterns, referencing a meta-analysis of 32 studies across 8 countries. This research found that secure attachment was the most common type across all cultures, with some variations in the prevalence of insecure attachment styles.

Vocabulary: Meta-analysis refers to a statistical technique that combines the results of multiple scientific studies to draw broader conclusions about a particular research question.

Caregiver-Infant Interaction and Early Attachment Stages

This page delves into the fundamental concepts of caregiver-infant interactions and the early stages of attachment formation. It explores the reciprocal nature of these interactions and the development of attachment over time.

The concept of reciprocity in caregiver-infant interactions is introduced, highlighting how both infant and caregiver respond to each other's signals. This mutual responsiveness forms the basis of early social bonds. Interactional synchrony, where mother and infant mirror each other's behavior simultaneously, is also discussed as a key component of these early interactions.

Definition: Reciprocity in caregiver-infant interactions refers to the mutual responsiveness between an infant and their caregiver, where both parties react to and influence each other's behavior.

The text then moves on to evaluate research in this area, noting that while studies on caregiver-infant interactions have greater validity due to their real-world relevance, they can also be socially sensitive.

The role of fathers in attachment is explored through Schaffer and Emerson's study. Their findings suggest that while mothers often form the primary attachment, fathers play a crucial role as secondary attachment figures and playmates.

Example: Schaffer and Emerson $1964$ found that by 18 months, 75% of babies in their Glasgow study showed an attachment to their father, illustrating the importance of paternal relationships in infant development.

The page then outlines the stages of attachment as proposed by Schaffer:

1. Asocial stage $first few weeks$
2. Indiscriminate stage of attachment $2-7 months$
3. Specific attachment $7 months$
4. Multiple attachments $8 months +$

Highlight: The indiscriminate stage of attachment is characterized by the infant accepting comfort from any adult, before developing a specific attachment to one primary caregiver.

Schaffer and Emerson's attachment study is described in more detail, highlighting their methodology and key findings. The study observed 60 babies from birth to 18 months, finding that specific attachments typically formed around 25-32 weeks, with multiple attachments developing later.

The page concludes with a brief evaluation of attachment research, noting challenges in studying the asocial stage and measuring attachments accurately.