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2 Dec 2025
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Understanding Social Roles: Zimbardo's Conformity Research Explained
DT
@djt9
1 / 3
Zimbardo's Stanford Prison Experiment Setup
Back in the 1960s, Philip Zimbardo wanted to understand why prison guards were behaving so brutally. Was it because they had sadistic personalities, or was the prison environment itself to blame?
He created a mock prison in Stanford University's psychology department basement. Emotionally stable student volunteers were randomly assigned as either guards or prisoners after extensive psychological testing. To make it realistic, local police actually arrested the "prisoners" at their homes.
The prisoners wore smocks and caps, were strip-searched, given numbers instead of names, and locked in cells. Guards wore uniforms with batons, handcuffs, and mirrored sunglasses to hide their eyes. Both groups experienced deindividuation - losing their individual identity to become their role.
Key Point: The experiment was designed to test whether situation or personality drives behaviour in prison environments.
Within just two days, prisoners rebelled against harsh treatment, but guards quickly crushed this with fire extinguishers and became increasingly brutal. The study had to be stopped after only 6 days instead of the planned 14 because participants' psychological health was deteriorating rapidly.
Results and Evaluation Strengths
The guards became genuinely threatening, using tactics like solitary confinement, middle-of-the-night exercises, and making prisoners clean toilets with their hands. Even prison chaplains and researchers automatically conformed to their expected roles. Zimbardo concluded that situation is more powerful than personality.
The experiment's main strength lies in its high internal validity. As a controlled laboratory experiment, it eliminated participant variables through random assignment of emotionally stable volunteers. Since guards and prisoners behaved differently despite chance role assignment, their behaviour must have resulted from situational pressures rather than personality differences.
This control allows us to see direct cause and effect between social roles and behaviour, making the findings about conformity to social roles more reliable.
Remember: The random assignment of emotionally stable participants strengthens the argument that situation, not personality, drives behaviour.
Major Limitations and Counter-Evidence
The biggest weakness is that the experiment lacked realism. Critics argue that participants were simply acting according to demand characteristics - behaving how they thought they should rather than genuinely conforming to roles.
When researchers showed the experimental details to people unfamiliar with the study, most correctly guessed its purpose and predicted that guards would be hostile whilst prisoners would be passive. Some guards even admitted to acting out stereotypes, suggesting the results lack internal validity.
However, Zimbardo countered this criticism with quantitative data showing 90% of prisoner conversations focused on prison life, and one prisoner said the prison felt real despite being run by psychologists.
The BBC Prison Study by Reicher and Haslam further undermines Zimbardo's conclusions. In their replication, prisoners eventually took control and harassed the guards. They explained this using Social Identity Theory - prisoners developed a shared group identity that refused to accept their assigned limitations, whilst guards failed to unite as a group.
Think Critically: The fact that other researchers couldn't replicate Zimbardo's findings raises serious questions about the study's reliability and conclusions about social role conformity.
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Anna
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Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
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Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
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This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
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The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
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In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
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very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
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I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
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THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
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This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
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Understanding Social Roles: Zimbardo's Conformity Research Explained
DT
@djt9
Ever wonder why people in positions of power sometimes abuse it? Zimbardo's famous Stanford Prison Experiment explored whether brutal behaviour in prisons comes from personality or situation, revealing shocking insights about how quickly we adapt to social roles.
Zimbardo's Stanford Prison Experiment Setup
Back in the 1960s, Philip Zimbardo wanted to understand why prison guards were behaving so brutally. Was it because they had sadistic personalities, or was the prison environment itself to blame?
He created a mock prison in Stanford University's psychology department basement. Emotionally stable student volunteers were randomly assigned as either guards or prisoners after extensive psychological testing. To make it realistic, local police actually arrested the "prisoners" at their homes.
The prisoners wore smocks and caps, were strip-searched, given numbers instead of names, and locked in cells. Guards wore uniforms with batons, handcuffs, and mirrored sunglasses to hide their eyes. Both groups experienced deindividuation - losing their individual identity to become their role.
Key Point: The experiment was designed to test whether situation or personality drives behaviour in prison environments.
Within just two days, prisoners rebelled against harsh treatment, but guards quickly crushed this with fire extinguishers and became increasingly brutal. The study had to be stopped after only 6 days instead of the planned 14 because participants' psychological health was deteriorating rapidly.
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Results and Evaluation Strengths
The guards became genuinely threatening, using tactics like solitary confinement, middle-of-the-night exercises, and making prisoners clean toilets with their hands. Even prison chaplains and researchers automatically conformed to their expected roles. Zimbardo concluded that situation is more powerful than personality.
The experiment's main strength lies in its high internal validity. As a controlled laboratory experiment, it eliminated participant variables through random assignment of emotionally stable volunteers. Since guards and prisoners behaved differently despite chance role assignment, their behaviour must have resulted from situational pressures rather than personality differences.
This control allows us to see direct cause and effect between social roles and behaviour, making the findings about conformity to social roles more reliable.
Remember: The random assignment of emotionally stable participants strengthens the argument that situation, not personality, drives behaviour.
Sign up to see the contentIt's free!
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Major Limitations and Counter-Evidence
The biggest weakness is that the experiment lacked realism. Critics argue that participants were simply acting according to demand characteristics - behaving how they thought they should rather than genuinely conforming to roles.
When researchers showed the experimental details to people unfamiliar with the study, most correctly guessed its purpose and predicted that guards would be hostile whilst prisoners would be passive. Some guards even admitted to acting out stereotypes, suggesting the results lack internal validity.
However, Zimbardo countered this criticism with quantitative data showing 90% of prisoner conversations focused on prison life, and one prisoner said the prison felt real despite being run by psychologists.
The BBC Prison Study by Reicher and Haslam further undermines Zimbardo's conclusions. In their replication, prisoners eventually took control and harassed the guards. They explained this using Social Identity Theory - prisoners developed a shared group identity that refused to accept their assigned limitations, whilst guards failed to unite as a group.
Think Critically: The fact that other researchers couldn't replicate Zimbardo's findings raises serious questions about the study's reliability and conclusions about social role conformity.
We thought you’d never ask...
What is the Knowunity AI companion?
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
Where can I download the Knowunity app?
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
Is Knowunity really free of charge?
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
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Most popular content: Stanford Prison Experiment
Most popular content in Psychology
Most popular content
English - inspector calls quotes and analysis
Quotes from every main character
English Literature10
Can't find what you're looking for? Explore other subjects.
Students love us — and so will you.
4.9/5
App Store
4.8/5
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user