Key Psychological Theories and Approaches

Learning theories help explain how we acquire behaviours and knowledge. Classical conditioning, pioneered by Pavlov with his famous salivating dogs experiment, shows how we learn through association (like connecting a bell with food). While influential, it's sometimes criticised for ignoring biological factors.

Operant conditioning focuses on how consequences shape behaviour. Skinner demonstrated with rats and pigeons that reinforcement (positive or negative) strengthens behaviours, while punishment decreases them. This approach has real-world applications but can oversimplify complex human learning.

Cognitive psychology compares the human mind to a computer, examining how we process, manipulate and store information. The Atkinson-Shiffrin Multi-store Model of memory and the concept of schemas (mental frameworks) are central ideas here. Bandura's Bobo Doll study showed children learn through observation, highlighting the importance of mediational processes.

💡 Quick tip: When revising psychological approaches, think about their practical applications AND limitations. Every theory explains some aspects of human behaviour but fails to account for others!

Freud's psychodynamic approach emphasises the unconscious mind and how it influences behaviour. He proposed the id (pleasure principle), ego (reality principle), and superego (morality principle) as components of personality, along with psychosexual stages of development. Defence mechanisms like denial and repression protect us from distressing feelings.

The humanistic approach focuses on personal growth, free will and self-actualisation. Rogers introduced concepts of congruence and unconditional positive regard, while Maslow's hierarchy of needs suggested we must fulfill basic needs before achieving higher-level growth.

The biological approach examines how our genetics, brain structure and neurochemistry influence behaviour. This perspective uses scientific methods like FMRI scans and explores the role of neurons, neurotransmitters (like dopamine and serotonin), and evolutionary principles of natural selection and survival of the fittest.