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Britain & the wider world: 1745 -1901
1l the quest for political stability: germany, 1871-1991
The cold war
Inter-war germany
Medieval period: 1066 -1509
2d religious conflict and the church in england, c1529-c1570
2o democracy and nazism: germany, 1918-1945
1f industrialisation and the people: britain, c1783-1885
1c the tudors: england, 1485-1603
2m wars and welfare: britain in transition, 1906-1957
World war two & the holocaust
2n revolution and dictatorship: russia, 1917-1953
2s the making of modern britain, 1951-2007
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0
Emily
07/12/2025
Politics
Political Ideas: Liberalism - Summary (key thinkers, tensions, key terms)
1,678
•
7 Dec 2025
•
Emily
@emilyknowsbest
Liberalism is a political ideology that champions individual freedom, but... Show more
Ever wondered why some people think the government should just stay out of everyone's business? That's classical liberalism in action. John Locke kicked things off in the 1600s with his idea that humans are naturally selfish but rational (egotistical individualism). He wanted a 'night watchman' state - basically a government that only exists to protect your life, liberty, and property through a social contract.
Mary Wollstonecraft took Locke's ideas and ran with them, arguing that women deserved the same rational treatment as men. Revolutionary stuff for the 1700s! She believed education was the key to liberation and that society was basically treating women like children.
John Stuart Mill bridged the gap between old and new liberal thinking with his developmental individualism - the idea that humans can actually improve themselves. His Harm Principle is dead useful: you can do whatever you want to yourself, but the moment you harm others, society can step in.
Key Point: Classical liberals trust that a free market economy and minimal state interference will naturally lead to the best outcomes for everyone.
Fast-forward to the 20th century, and liberals started thinking differently about freedom. John Rawls argued that whilst humans are still selfish, they're also empathetic enough to care about inequality. His famous 'veil of ignorance' thought experiment asks: if you didn't know whether you'd be rich or poor in society, what kind of system would you choose?
Betty Friedan focused on how society actively discourages women from achieving their potential. She believed foundational equality required the state to intervene and prevent discrimination, not just ignore it.
Both modern liberals support Keynesian economics - a system where the government actively manages the economy rather than letting it run wild. They argue for positive freedom (freedom TO do things) rather than just negative freedom (freedom FROM interference).
The big shift? Modern liberals believe equality of opportunity requires active state intervention through progressive taxation and public services, not just leaving everyone to fend for themselves.
Key Point: Modern liberals see state intervention as essential for creating genuine freedom and opportunity for all citizens.
Here's where liberalism gets properly interesting - it's basically having an identity crisis. Classical liberalism champions laissez-faire capitalism and minimal state intervention, believing individual freedom flourishes when government stays out of the way. Think negative freedom - removing barriers rather than actively helping.
Modern liberalism emerged because many felt free-market capitalism wasn't delivering freedom for everyone. Instead of egotistical individualism, they promote developmental individualism - the idea that humans can be altruistic and work for social progress.
The economic divide is massive: classical liberals want pure free markets, whilst modern liberals embrace Keynesianism with active state intervention to prevent economic collapse. Classical liberals believe wealth will 'trickle down' naturally, but modern liberals aren't willing to wait around for that to maybe happen.
Despite these tensions, both strands agree on core principles: tolerance, equality of opportunity, and the need for limited government with proper checks and balances. They just massively disagree on how to achieve these goals.
Key Point: The fundamental tension is whether true liberty comes from minimal state interference or active government intervention to level the playing field.
Understanding liberalism means getting your head around some crucial terms that'll pop up in every essay and exam. Foundational equality refers to those basic rights you get just for being human - life, liberty, property - that can't be taken away. Formal equality means everyone has the same legal rights on paper.
The social contract is liberalism's explanation for why we have governments at all - we agree to follow laws in exchange for protection. A meritocracy rewards hard work and ability, which liberals love because it (theoretically) gives everyone a fair shot.
Mechanistic theory sees the state as a human creation designed to serve people's interests, not the other way around. This links to limited government - the idea that power corrupts, so we need checks and balances to keep politicians in line.
The freedom divide is crucial for exams: negative freedom removes obstacles, whilst positive freedom actively helps you achieve your potential. Think of it as the difference between removing a locked door versus giving someone the keys and directions to where they want to go.
Key Point: These concepts form the building blocks of liberal thought - master them and you'll understand how different liberals reach completely different conclusions from similar starting points.
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
App Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
Emily
@emilyknowsbest
Liberalism is a political ideology that champions individual freedom, but it's split into two major camps with very different ideas about how to achieve this. Classical liberals want minimal government interference, whilst modern liberals believe the state should actively help... Show more
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By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Ever wondered why some people think the government should just stay out of everyone's business? That's classical liberalism in action. John Locke kicked things off in the 1600s with his idea that humans are naturally selfish but rational (egotistical individualism). He wanted a 'night watchman' state - basically a government that only exists to protect your life, liberty, and property through a social contract.
Mary Wollstonecraft took Locke's ideas and ran with them, arguing that women deserved the same rational treatment as men. Revolutionary stuff for the 1700s! She believed education was the key to liberation and that society was basically treating women like children.
John Stuart Mill bridged the gap between old and new liberal thinking with his developmental individualism - the idea that humans can actually improve themselves. His Harm Principle is dead useful: you can do whatever you want to yourself, but the moment you harm others, society can step in.
Key Point: Classical liberals trust that a free market economy and minimal state interference will naturally lead to the best outcomes for everyone.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Fast-forward to the 20th century, and liberals started thinking differently about freedom. John Rawls argued that whilst humans are still selfish, they're also empathetic enough to care about inequality. His famous 'veil of ignorance' thought experiment asks: if you didn't know whether you'd be rich or poor in society, what kind of system would you choose?
Betty Friedan focused on how society actively discourages women from achieving their potential. She believed foundational equality required the state to intervene and prevent discrimination, not just ignore it.
Both modern liberals support Keynesian economics - a system where the government actively manages the economy rather than letting it run wild. They argue for positive freedom (freedom TO do things) rather than just negative freedom (freedom FROM interference).
The big shift? Modern liberals believe equality of opportunity requires active state intervention through progressive taxation and public services, not just leaving everyone to fend for themselves.
Key Point: Modern liberals see state intervention as essential for creating genuine freedom and opportunity for all citizens.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Here's where liberalism gets properly interesting - it's basically having an identity crisis. Classical liberalism champions laissez-faire capitalism and minimal state intervention, believing individual freedom flourishes when government stays out of the way. Think negative freedom - removing barriers rather than actively helping.
Modern liberalism emerged because many felt free-market capitalism wasn't delivering freedom for everyone. Instead of egotistical individualism, they promote developmental individualism - the idea that humans can be altruistic and work for social progress.
The economic divide is massive: classical liberals want pure free markets, whilst modern liberals embrace Keynesianism with active state intervention to prevent economic collapse. Classical liberals believe wealth will 'trickle down' naturally, but modern liberals aren't willing to wait around for that to maybe happen.
Despite these tensions, both strands agree on core principles: tolerance, equality of opportunity, and the need for limited government with proper checks and balances. They just massively disagree on how to achieve these goals.
Key Point: The fundamental tension is whether true liberty comes from minimal state interference or active government intervention to level the playing field.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Understanding liberalism means getting your head around some crucial terms that'll pop up in every essay and exam. Foundational equality refers to those basic rights you get just for being human - life, liberty, property - that can't be taken away. Formal equality means everyone has the same legal rights on paper.
The social contract is liberalism's explanation for why we have governments at all - we agree to follow laws in exchange for protection. A meritocracy rewards hard work and ability, which liberals love because it (theoretically) gives everyone a fair shot.
Mechanistic theory sees the state as a human creation designed to serve people's interests, not the other way around. This links to limited government - the idea that power corrupts, so we need checks and balances to keep politicians in line.
The freedom divide is crucial for exams: negative freedom removes obstacles, whilst positive freedom actively helps you achieve your potential. Think of it as the difference between removing a locked door versus giving someone the keys and directions to where they want to go.
Key Point: These concepts form the building blocks of liberal thought - master them and you'll understand how different liberals reach completely different conclusions from similar starting points.
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
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Transform this note into: ✓ 50+ Practice Questions ✓ Interactive Flashcards ✓ Full Mock Exam ✓ Essay Outlines
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The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
Politics
Modern Studies
Sociology