Different Electoral Systems

This page provides an overview of the functions of elections and electoral systems, as well as the main types of electoral systems used in various contexts.

Functions of Elections and Electoral Systems:

• Choose representatives based on citizens' views
• Often the primary form of political participation for citizens
• Hold government accountable
• Serve an educative function
• Provide a mandate and grant democratic legitimacy to winners

Highlight: Electoral systems play a crucial role in democratic societies by translating votes into representation and power.

Types of Electoral Systems:

1. Plurality systems $e.g., First Past the Post - FPTP$
2. Majoritarian systems $designed to secure an absolute majority$
3. Hybrid systems $combining plurality and proportional elements$
4. Proportional systems $allocating seats in proportion to votes cast$

Example: The UK General Elections use the First Past the Post system, while the Scottish Parliament uses the Additional Member System $AMS$, a hybrid system.

The page then focuses on the First Past the Post $FPTP$ system, which is used in UK General Elections. It outlines the basic principles of FPTP and discusses its advantages and disadvantages.

Definition: First Past the Post is a simple electoral system where voters choose a single candidate to represent their constituency, and the candidate with the most votes wins the seat, regardless of the proportion of votes received.

Advantages of FPTP:

• Simple system
• Ensures a close MP-Constituent relationship
• Creates strong and stable governments
• Disadvantageous to extremist parties

Highlight: FPTP tends to produce an outright winner, providing a clear mandate and increasing legislative powers.

Disadvantages of FPTP:

• Favors large parties and creates a two-party system
• Can lead to tactical voting and wasted votes
• Produces a "winner's bonus" where parties win more seats than their proportionate share of the vote

Example: In the 2015 UK General Election, UKIP won over 12% of the votes but only secured one seat, highlighting the disproportionality of the FPTP system.

Safe Seats and Marginal Seats

This page delves into the concepts of safe seats and marginal seats within the First Past the Post electoral system, explaining their implications for voter behavior and political representation.

Safe Seats:

• Constituencies where the same party is almost certain to win in every election
• Estimated that 316 out of 650 seats in the UK are considered safe seats
• Implications for voter engagement and representation

Definition: A safe seat is a constituency where a particular party has such a strong historical voting pattern that it is highly unlikely to change hands in an election.

Effects of Safe Seats:

• Voters in safe seats may feel their votes are wasted
• Less attention and information provided to voters in these areas
• Can lead to a cycle of disengagement

Marginal Seats:

• Constituencies where the outcome of the election is in doubt
• Elections are often won or lost in these marginal seats
• Attract more attention from parties and candidates

Highlight: In the 2019 UK General Election, an estimated 77.6% of votes were considered "wasted" due to the FPTP system and the prevalence of safe seats.

Implications of Marginal Seats:

• Increased importance of individual candidates
• More valuable votes in terms of influencing election outcomes
• Often lead to tactical voting

Definition: Tactical voting occurs when voters choose a candidate or party that is not their first preference in order to prevent a less desirable outcome.

The page emphasizes how the FPTP system creates disparities in the value of votes across different constituencies, potentially undermining the principle of equal representation.

The Additional Member System (AMS)

This page explains the Additional Member System $AMS$, a hybrid electoral system that combines elements of First Past the Post with proportional representation.

Key Features of AMS:

• Used in the Scottish Parliament
• Voters have two votes: one for a constituency candidate and one for a party
• Combines FPTP constituencies with proportional party lists

Definition: The Additional Member System is a mixed electoral system that aims to achieve a balance between local representation and overall proportionality.

Structure of AMS in Scotland:

• 73 seats elected by FPTP in constituencies
• 56 additional seats allocated based on party vote to increase proportionality

Advantages of AMS:

• Produces a broadly proportional outcome
• Provides voters with more choice through two votes
• Preserves the MP-constituency relationship
• Supports smaller parties that may struggle in FPTP contests

Highlight: AMS is designed as a compromise, aiming to make the system partly proportional while maintaining some benefits of FPTP.

Disadvantages of AMS:

• More complex than FPTP, potentially confusing for voters
• Can result in the election of extremist candidates through party lists
• Creates two classes of representatives $constituency and list MPs$

Example: In the Scottish Parliament, some elected representatives have a specific constituency to look after, while others $elected from party lists$ do not have constituency responsibilities.

The page concludes by noting that while AMS increases proportionality and legitimacy, it also introduces complexities and potential issues with accountability.

The Single Transferable Vote (STV) and Supplementary Vote (SV)

This final page covers two additional electoral systems: the Single Transferable Vote $STV$ and the Supplementary Vote $SV$.

Single Transferable Vote $STV$:

• Used in Northern Ireland Assembly elections
• Proportional system with a complex counting method
• Ensures voters' preferences are aggregated

Advantages of STV:

• Produces broadly proportional results
• Offers voters a wide choice of candidates
• Helps smaller parties and independent candidates get elected

Highlight: STV is considered one of the most proportional electoral systems, aiming to closely match seats to votes cast.

Disadvantages of STV:

• Complex system for voters to understand
• Complicated and lengthy vote counting process
• Can help candidates with extremist views get elected
• Unclear lines of accountability with multiple representatives per constituency

Supplementary Vote $SV$:

• Used to elect single candidates, mainly for city mayors in the UK
• Voters have two choices
• If no candidate achieves an absolute majority $>50$, a second round of counting occurs

Definition: The Supplementary Vote is a majoritarian system designed to ensure the winning candidate has broad support.

The page briefly outlines the SV system but does not provide detailed advantages or disadvantages.

Example: The Supplementary Vote system is used to elect the Mayor of London, allowing voters to express a first and second preference.

This concluding page highlights the diversity of electoral systems used within the UK, each with its own set of strengths and weaknesses in terms of representation, proportionality, and voter engagement.

Electoral Systems

This page serves as the title page for the document on electoral systems. It introduces the topic that will be discussed in detail in the following pages.

Definition: Electoral systems are the methods used to conduct elections and determine the allocation of seats or positions based on the votes cast.