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Britain & the wider world: 1745 -1901
1l the quest for political stability: germany, 1871-1991
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Politics
14 Dec 2025
149
4 pages
hannah.grace @hannahgrace_ybgh
Understanding different voting systems is crucial for grasping how democracy actually works in the UK. From the First... Show more
Single Transferable Vote (STV) might sound complicated, but it's actually designed to make your vote count more. Used in Northern Ireland, this system lets you rank candidates in order of preference within multi-member constituencies.
Here's how it works a quota is calculated based on the number of votes and seats available. If your first-choice candidate doesn't reach the quota, your vote transfers to your second choice, and so on. This creates a more proportional outcome than traditional systems.
The advantages are clear - you get more choice, extremist candidates struggle to get elected, and the system encourages coalition governments. However, it's undeniably complex for voters, vote counting takes ages, and accountability becomes murky when you've got multiple MPs per area.
Quick fact Northern Ireland's 2022 election had a 63.48% turnout using STV, showing decent voter engagement despite the system's complexity.
Supplementary Vote (SV) keeps things simpler whilst still giving you options. You mark a first and second preference, and if no candidate gets a majority on first preferences, the top two candidates go to a run-off using second preferences.
This system ensures the winner has democratic legitimacy through a majority, and it's straightforward enough that voters don't get confused. The London mayoral elections use this method successfully.
The downside? That "majority" might be artificial since it includes second-choice votes, and candidates can win based on being everyone's backup option rather than first choice.
Here's where each system appears in practice FPTP dominates UK general elections, AMS operates in Scotland and Wales, STV runs Northern Ireland's elections, and SV decides who becomes London mayor.
Remember Each system creates different political outcomes - STV encourages coalitions whilst FPTP typically produces single-party governments.
The First Past the Post debate splits opinion dramatically. Supporters argue it provides governmental stability, maintains strong constituency links, and reflects British tradition. Critics slam it for being unrepresentational and creating "safe seats" where votes feel worthless.
Recent history challenges FPTP's stability claims - remember the hung parliaments and coalition governments between 2010-2017? Meanwhile, marginal seats get all the attention whilst safe seats are ignored.
Referendums serve specific democratic purposes in the UK. They tackle divisive issues (like the 2016 EU referendum with 72% turnout), handle major constitutional changes (the 1997 Scottish devolution vote), and help entrench significant political shifts.
The 2011 AV referendum flopped with just 42% turnout, partly because it happened alongside local elections and voters found the system too complex. This shows timing and presentation matter enormously in direct democracy.
Key insight Referendums work best for major constitutional questions but struggle with technical voting system changes.
Why have representative democracy if you're constantly asking the public to decide complex issues directly? This fundamental question challenges the entire concept of referendums in modern politics.
The problems are significant results aren't legally binding, voters can be misinformed or swayed by emotion rather than rational analysis, and complex constitutional issues get oversimplified into yes/no questions.
There's also the "tyranny of the majority" problem - referendums can ignore minority rights and create deep social divisions. When 52% voted Leave in 2016, the 48% who wanted to Remain felt completely unrepresented.
The biggest issue might be voter knowledge. Constitutional questions require understanding intricate legal and economic consequences, but campaign rhetoric often drowns out factual analysis.
Consider this Should complex constitutional changes really be decided by voters who might not fully understand the long-term consequences?
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
3
Smart Tools NEW
Transform this note into: ✓ 50+ Practice Questions ✓ Interactive Flashcards ✓ Full Mock Exam ✓ Essay Outlines
Explore the key differences between representative and direct democracy in this comprehensive essay plan. This resource covers major concepts such as majority rule, the protection of minority rights, and the implications of each system on political participation and decision-making. Ideal for students preparing for essays or exams on democratic theories.
PoliticsExplore the key features of representative democracy, including accountability, social representation, and party representation. This summary delves into how elected officials represent their constituents and the national interest, highlighting the complexities of functional and causal representation. Ideal for students studying governance and democratic systems.
PoliticsExplore the complexities of UK democracy, including legitimacy, representative vs. direct democracy, and the impact of voting systems. This summary covers key concepts such as participation crisis, majoritarianism, and the role of pressure groups, providing essential insights for students of politics.
PoliticsExplore key concepts of democracy and representation in this concise summary. Understand the roles of delegates and trustees, the importance of mandates, and the implications of direct democracy. This resource covers essential elements of liberal democracy, political participation, and voter behavior, making it ideal for Edexcel A Level Politics students.
PoliticsComprehensive revision notes on the structure, ideologies, and historical development of the UK's major political parties: Labour, Conservative, and Liberal Democrats. Explore key concepts such as party systems, political ideologies, and the impact of minority parties on the political landscape. Ideal for students studying UK politics.
PoliticsExplore the critical factors influencing party success in politics, including leadership qualities, media influence, and party unity. This summary highlights the impact of social media and traditional media on voter perception and electoral outcomes, making it essential for A-level Politics students. Understand how these elements shape political parties and their strategies for success.
PoliticsQuotes from every main character
English LiteratureApp Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
hannah.grace
@hannahgrace_ybgh
Understanding different voting systems is crucial for grasping how democracy actually works in the UK. From the First Past the Post system used in general elections to the complex Single Transferable Vote, each method shapes political outcomes differently and affects... Show more
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Single Transferable Vote (STV) might sound complicated, but it's actually designed to make your vote count more. Used in Northern Ireland, this system lets you rank candidates in order of preference within multi-member constituencies.
Here's how it works: a quota is calculated based on the number of votes and seats available. If your first-choice candidate doesn't reach the quota, your vote transfers to your second choice, and so on. This creates a more proportional outcome than traditional systems.
The advantages are clear - you get more choice, extremist candidates struggle to get elected, and the system encourages coalition governments. However, it's undeniably complex for voters, vote counting takes ages, and accountability becomes murky when you've got multiple MPs per area.
Quick fact: Northern Ireland's 2022 election had a 63.48% turnout using STV, showing decent voter engagement despite the system's complexity.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Supplementary Vote (SV) keeps things simpler whilst still giving you options. You mark a first and second preference, and if no candidate gets a majority on first preferences, the top two candidates go to a run-off using second preferences.
This system ensures the winner has democratic legitimacy through a majority, and it's straightforward enough that voters don't get confused. The London mayoral elections use this method successfully.
The downside? That "majority" might be artificial since it includes second-choice votes, and candidates can win based on being everyone's backup option rather than first choice.
Here's where each system appears in practice: FPTP dominates UK general elections, AMS operates in Scotland and Wales, STV runs Northern Ireland's elections, and SV decides who becomes London mayor.
Remember: Each system creates different political outcomes - STV encourages coalitions whilst FPTP typically produces single-party governments.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
The First Past the Post debate splits opinion dramatically. Supporters argue it provides governmental stability, maintains strong constituency links, and reflects British tradition. Critics slam it for being unrepresentational and creating "safe seats" where votes feel worthless.
Recent history challenges FPTP's stability claims - remember the hung parliaments and coalition governments between 2010-2017? Meanwhile, marginal seats get all the attention whilst safe seats are ignored.
Referendums serve specific democratic purposes in the UK. They tackle divisive issues (like the 2016 EU referendum with 72% turnout), handle major constitutional changes (the 1997 Scottish devolution vote), and help entrench significant political shifts.
The 2011 AV referendum flopped with just 42% turnout, partly because it happened alongside local elections and voters found the system too complex. This shows timing and presentation matter enormously in direct democracy.
Key insight: Referendums work best for major constitutional questions but struggle with technical voting system changes.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Why have representative democracy if you're constantly asking the public to decide complex issues directly? This fundamental question challenges the entire concept of referendums in modern politics.
The problems are significant: results aren't legally binding, voters can be misinformed or swayed by emotion rather than rational analysis, and complex constitutional issues get oversimplified into yes/no questions.
There's also the "tyranny of the majority" problem - referendums can ignore minority rights and create deep social divisions. When 52% voted Leave in 2016, the 48% who wanted to Remain felt completely unrepresented.
The biggest issue might be voter knowledge. Constitutional questions require understanding intricate legal and economic consequences, but campaign rhetoric often drowns out factual analysis.
Consider this: Should complex constitutional changes really be decided by voters who might not fully understand the long-term consequences?
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
3
Smart Tools NEW
Transform this note into: ✓ 50+ Practice Questions ✓ Interactive Flashcards ✓ Full Mock Exam ✓ Essay Outlines
Explore the key differences between representative and direct democracy in this comprehensive essay plan. This resource covers major concepts such as majority rule, the protection of minority rights, and the implications of each system on political participation and decision-making. Ideal for students preparing for essays or exams on democratic theories.
PoliticsExplore the key features of representative democracy, including accountability, social representation, and party representation. This summary delves into how elected officials represent their constituents and the national interest, highlighting the complexities of functional and causal representation. Ideal for students studying governance and democratic systems.
PoliticsExplore the complexities of UK democracy, including legitimacy, representative vs. direct democracy, and the impact of voting systems. This summary covers key concepts such as participation crisis, majoritarianism, and the role of pressure groups, providing essential insights for students of politics.
PoliticsExplore key concepts of democracy and representation in this concise summary. Understand the roles of delegates and trustees, the importance of mandates, and the implications of direct democracy. This resource covers essential elements of liberal democracy, political participation, and voter behavior, making it ideal for Edexcel A Level Politics students.
PoliticsComprehensive revision notes on the structure, ideologies, and historical development of the UK's major political parties: Labour, Conservative, and Liberal Democrats. Explore key concepts such as party systems, political ideologies, and the impact of minority parties on the political landscape. Ideal for students studying UK politics.
PoliticsExplore the critical factors influencing party success in politics, including leadership qualities, media influence, and party unity. This summary highlights the impact of social media and traditional media on voter perception and electoral outcomes, making it essential for A-level Politics students. Understand how these elements shape political parties and their strategies for success.
PoliticsQuotes from every main character
English LiteratureApp Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
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