Page 2: Applications and Uses of Nuclear Radiation

The second page focuses on practical applications of nuclear radiation and safety considerations, expanding on types of nuclear radiation changes wikipedia concepts.

Definition: Contamination occurs when radioactive particles get onto objects, while irradiation refers to exposure to radiation without making something radioactive.

Example: In smoke alarms, alpha radiation creates ionization between electrodes; smoke disrupts this process, triggering the alarm.

Highlight: Medical tracers must be beta or gamma emitters, never alpha, because they need to pass through body tissue to be detected externally.

The page details several practical applications:

• Fire/smoke alarms using alpha radiation
• Medical tracers for diagnostic procedures
• Industrial thickness gauges utilizing beta radiation
• PET scanners for medical imaging

Vocabulary: Becquerel $Bq$ - The unit for measuring radioactive decay.

Quote: "Gamma rays can penetrate through the ground and metal pipe and be detected at the surface. Gamma has a shorter half-life so the danger to living organisms near to the pipe would be minimised."

Page 1: Atomic Structure and Radiation Fundamentals

The first page delves into the fundamental concepts of atomic structure and introduces radioactive decay physics. The content explores electron behavior, energy levels, and the basics of radiation emission.

Definition: Radiation refers to particles or waves emitted by radioactive substances through a natural and completely spontaneous process.

Vocabulary: Ionising radiation - Radiation that causes atoms to gain or lose charge, forming ions.

Example: During electron excitation, electromagnetic waves are absorbed, causing electrons to move to higher energy levels. When de-excitation occurs, visible light is emitted.

Highlight: The radius of an atomic nucleus is approximately 1/10,000 of the total atomic radius, demonstrating the vast empty space within atoms.

The page explains nuclear equations for different types of decay:

• Alpha decay $loss of 2 protons and 2 neutrons$
• Beta minus decay $neutron conversion to proton$
• Beta plus decay $proton conversion to neutron$
• Gamma decay $no nuclear change$

Quote: "All elements have different isotopes, but there are usually only one or two stable ones. The other unstable isotopes tend to decay into other elements and give out radiation as they try to become more stable."