Physics can feel overwhelming, but once you break it down,... Show more
Physics1,541 views·Updated May 31, 2026·4 pagesAQA GCSE Physics Paper 1 Revision Guide
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chloe@chloe.a
1 / 4
1
of 4
Energy Resources and Transfers
Coal might be cheap and plentiful right now, but it's a non-renewable energy resource that will eventually run out and releases harmful gases when burned. Compare this to renewable energy sources like solar, wind, and tidal power - they'll never run out, though they can be unreliable and expensive to set up initially.
Energy doesn't just disappear - it gets transferred between different energy stores. When a moving car slows down, kinetic energy (movement) transfers to the thermal energy store of the brakes through mechanical forces. Similarly, when you heat water with an electric kettle, electrical current transfers energy to the water's thermal store.
There are eight main energy stores you need to know: kinetic (moving objects), gravitational potential (lifted objects), elastic potential , thermal (hot objects), chemical (food, fuel, batteries), nuclear, magnetic, and electrostatic. Energy transfers through four main methods: heating, waves, electric current, and mechanical forces.
Key Concept: In a closed system, the total energy always stays the same - it just moves between different stores. This is called conservation of energy, and it's fundamental to understanding physics.
The greenhouse effect happens because gases like carbon dioxide, methane, and water vapour trap heat in our atmosphere. Human activities like burning fossil fuels, deforestation, and livestock farming increase these greenhouse gas levels, causing Earth's temperature to rise.
2
of 4
Comparing Energy Sources
Each energy source has trade-offs you need to understand for your exams. Fossil fuels like coal, oil, and gas are cheap to extract and meet current demand easily, but they're running out and release carbon dioxide when burned.
Nuclear power releases massive amounts of energy from small amounts of fuel with no polluting gases, but it's expensive and dangerous to handle the radioactive waste. Solar power is clean and has no fuel costs, but it's unreliable (clouds block sunlight) and expensive to set up initially.
Wind and wave energy are renewable and don't produce waste, but they're completely dependent on weather conditions and can be unreliable for large-scale energy production. Wind farms can also harm marine habitats and create hazards for boats.
Exam Tip: Questions often ask you to compare advantages and disadvantages of different energy sources. Remember that renewable sources are generally clean but unreliable, while non-renewable sources are reliable but environmentally harmful.
Hydroelectric power uses dams to generate electricity reliably with no fuel costs, but building dams is expensive and can damage local habitats. Geothermal energy taps into Earth's heat and can be carbon neutral, but it requires specific geological conditions and significant land area.
3
of 4
Forces and Elasticity
Springs follow a simple rule: the more you stretch them, the more force they exert back. This relationship is described by Hooke's Law: Force = spring constant × extension .
To investigate this relationship, you'll hang masses from a spring and measure how much it stretches. Start by measuring the spring's natural length (unstretched), then add masses one by one, recording the new length each time. Calculate the extension by subtracting the original length from the new length.
The spring constant tells you how stiff a spring is - a high value means it's hard to stretch, whilst a low value means it stretches easily. When you plot force against extension, you should get a straight line through the origin for springs that obey Hooke's Law.
Practical Tip: Make sure the spring comes to rest before taking measurements, and always measure from the same point on the spring for consistent results.
This experiment demonstrates elastic behaviour - the spring returns to its original length when you remove the force. However, if you stretch it too far past its elastic limit, it won't return to its original shape and becomes permanently deformed.
4
of 4
Electric Circuits and Current
Electric current is simply the flow of charge through a conductor, measured in amperes (A). The bigger the current, the more charge flows per second - think of it like water flowing through a pipe.
Ohm's Law is your most important equation: V = IR . This tells you that if resistance increases, current decreases for the same voltage. Components like resistors control current flow, whilst ammeters measure current and voltmeters measure potential difference.
Different components behave in unique ways. An LDR (Light Dependent Resistor) has high resistance in the dark but low resistance in bright light. A thermistor's resistance changes with temperature. Diodes only allow current to flow in one direction, making them useful for protecting circuits.
Circuit Tip: Remember that ammeters connect in series (in line with the component) whilst voltmeters connect in parallel (across the component). Getting this wrong will damage your equipment!
Power calculations are crucial for understanding energy transfer in circuits. Use P = VI or P = I²R for resistive components. Energy transferred is simply E = Pt , helping you calculate electricity costs and component heating.
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Physics1,541 views·Updated May 31, 2026·4 pagesAQA GCSE Physics Paper 1 Revision Guide
C
chloe@chloe.a
Physics can feel overwhelming, but once you break it down, energy and electricity are actually quite straightforward concepts that explain how our world works. From understanding why fossil fuels contribute to climate change to figuring out how circuits power your... Show more
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Energy Resources and Transfers
Coal might be cheap and plentiful right now, but it's a non-renewable energy resource that will eventually run out and releases harmful gases when burned. Compare this to renewable energy sources like solar, wind, and tidal power - they'll never run out, though they can be unreliable and expensive to set up initially.
Energy doesn't just disappear - it gets transferred between different energy stores. When a moving car slows down, kinetic energy (movement) transfers to the thermal energy store of the brakes through mechanical forces. Similarly, when you heat water with an electric kettle, electrical current transfers energy to the water's thermal store.
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Key Concept: In a closed system, the total energy always stays the same - it just moves between different stores. This is called conservation of energy, and it's fundamental to understanding physics.
The greenhouse effect happens because gases like carbon dioxide, methane, and water vapour trap heat in our atmosphere. Human activities like burning fossil fuels, deforestation, and livestock farming increase these greenhouse gas levels, causing Earth's temperature to rise.
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Comparing Energy Sources
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Forces and Elasticity
Springs follow a simple rule: the more you stretch them, the more force they exert back. This relationship is described by Hooke's Law: Force = spring constant × extension .
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This experiment demonstrates elastic behaviour - the spring returns to its original length when you remove the force. However, if you stretch it too far past its elastic limit, it won't return to its original shape and becomes permanently deformed.
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Electric Circuits and Current
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Different components behave in unique ways. An LDR (Light Dependent Resistor) has high resistance in the dark but low resistance in bright light. A thermistor's resistance changes with temperature. Diodes only allow current to flow in one direction, making them useful for protecting circuits.
Circuit Tip: Remember that ammeters connect in series (in line with the component) whilst voltmeters connect in parallel (across the component). Getting this wrong will damage your equipment!
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We thought you’d never ask...
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