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1l the quest for political stability: germany, 1871-1991
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6
0
Anee
22/11/2025
Physics
GCSE aqa physics all required practicals paper 1 method sheets
640
•
22 Nov 2025
•
Anee
@lemon_110
Practical physics involves hands-on experiments to understand key scientific concepts.... Show more
Ever wondered how much energy it takes to heat different materials? That's what specific heat capacity measures! There are two main experimental methods to find this value.
For solid materials, you'll need to weigh a metal block, wrap it in insulation to prevent heat loss, and insert an immersion heater connected to a joulmeter. Measure the initial temperature, apply energy for a set time, and record the final temperature. The formula to calculate specific heat capacity is ΔE = m × c × Δθ, where ΔE is energy transferred, m is mass, c is specific heat capacity, and Δθ is the temperature change.
For liquids, you'll measure a quantity of water, insulate the beaker, connect the heater to measuring instruments, and record temperature changes over time. In this method, you'd typically take readings every minute for about 10 minutes.
Quick Tip: When graphing your results for the liquid method, the gradient of your temperature-time graph will give you the specific heat capacity value!
Remember to identify your variables clearly: the independent variable is energy transferred (easier method) or time (harder method), dependent variable is temperature change, and your control variable is the mass of the material.
Materials conduct heat at different rates—this is called thermal conductivity. To test this, fill a beaker with hot water, place it inside a larger beaker with your insulating material, and cover with a lid. Measure the temperature every 3 minutes and plot your cooling curves. The steeper the curve, the poorer the insulator!
Density is simply the mass per unit volume . For regular solids, measure length, width and depth to calculate volume, then weigh the object. Use the formula ρ = m ÷ V to find density.
For irregular solids, use a displacement method: fill a Eureka can to the spout, submerge your object, and measure the volume of water displaced. This equals the volume of your object. For liquids, measure the mass of an empty cylinder, add a known volume of liquid, measure the new mass, and calculate the difference.
Watch out! Common errors include misreading the measuring cylinder (random error) and not zeroing the scale before measuring mass (systematic error).
When conducting these experiments, you'll need to identify your variables carefully. For thermal conductivity, the insulating material is your independent variable, and temperature change is your dependent variable.
The relationship between current and voltage tells us how different electrical components behave in circuits. This is incredibly useful for understanding how your phone or computer actually works!
To measure I-V characteristics, set up a circuit with your component, a variable resistor and power supply. Adjust the voltage, measure both current and voltage, and record your results. Increase the voltage in small steps and repeat. Then reverse your connections and repeat the measurements to get a complete picture.
Different components produce distinctive I-V graphs: resistors show a straight line, filament lamps curve upward, and diodes only allow current in one direction. Light-dependent resistors (LDRs) change with light intensity, while thermistors vary with temperature.
For investigating resistance factors, you can test how length affects wire resistance by measuring current and voltage at different lengths. You can also explore how adding resistors in series or parallel changes overall resistance.
Pro Tip: Always turn off your power supply between readings to prevent components from overheating and giving inaccurate results!
Remember your variables: the independent variable is voltage or wire length/number of resistors (for resistance factors), while the dependent variable is current or calculated resistance.
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
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The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
Anee
@lemon_110
Practical physics involves hands-on experiments to understand key scientific concepts. These study notes cover experiments for measuring specific heat capacity, thermal conductivity, density, and electrical characteristics—all essential skills for your physics coursework and exams.
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Ever wondered how much energy it takes to heat different materials? That's what specific heat capacity measures! There are two main experimental methods to find this value.
For solid materials, you'll need to weigh a metal block, wrap it in insulation to prevent heat loss, and insert an immersion heater connected to a joulmeter. Measure the initial temperature, apply energy for a set time, and record the final temperature. The formula to calculate specific heat capacity is ΔE = m × c × Δθ, where ΔE is energy transferred, m is mass, c is specific heat capacity, and Δθ is the temperature change.
For liquids, you'll measure a quantity of water, insulate the beaker, connect the heater to measuring instruments, and record temperature changes over time. In this method, you'd typically take readings every minute for about 10 minutes.
Quick Tip: When graphing your results for the liquid method, the gradient of your temperature-time graph will give you the specific heat capacity value!
Remember to identify your variables clearly: the independent variable is energy transferred (easier method) or time (harder method), dependent variable is temperature change, and your control variable is the mass of the material.
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Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Materials conduct heat at different rates—this is called thermal conductivity. To test this, fill a beaker with hot water, place it inside a larger beaker with your insulating material, and cover with a lid. Measure the temperature every 3 minutes and plot your cooling curves. The steeper the curve, the poorer the insulator!
Density is simply the mass per unit volume . For regular solids, measure length, width and depth to calculate volume, then weigh the object. Use the formula ρ = m ÷ V to find density.
For irregular solids, use a displacement method: fill a Eureka can to the spout, submerge your object, and measure the volume of water displaced. This equals the volume of your object. For liquids, measure the mass of an empty cylinder, add a known volume of liquid, measure the new mass, and calculate the difference.
Watch out! Common errors include misreading the measuring cylinder (random error) and not zeroing the scale before measuring mass (systematic error).
When conducting these experiments, you'll need to identify your variables carefully. For thermal conductivity, the insulating material is your independent variable, and temperature change is your dependent variable.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
The relationship between current and voltage tells us how different electrical components behave in circuits. This is incredibly useful for understanding how your phone or computer actually works!
To measure I-V characteristics, set up a circuit with your component, a variable resistor and power supply. Adjust the voltage, measure both current and voltage, and record your results. Increase the voltage in small steps and repeat. Then reverse your connections and repeat the measurements to get a complete picture.
Different components produce distinctive I-V graphs: resistors show a straight line, filament lamps curve upward, and diodes only allow current in one direction. Light-dependent resistors (LDRs) change with light intensity, while thermistors vary with temperature.
For investigating resistance factors, you can test how length affects wire resistance by measuring current and voltage at different lengths. You can also explore how adding resistors in series or parallel changes overall resistance.
Pro Tip: Always turn off your power supply between readings to prevent components from overheating and giving inaccurate results!
Remember your variables: the independent variable is voltage or wire length/number of resistors (for resistance factors), while the dependent variable is current or calculated resistance.
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
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Transform this note into: ✓ 50+ Practice Questions ✓ Interactive Flashcards ✓ Full Mock Exam ✓ Essay Outlines
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The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
