Forces are everywhere around you - from the weight pulling...
Physics105 views·Updated 6 Sept 2026·12 pagesUnderstanding Forces in Physics
N
Nicole Ochenge@nicoleochenge
1 / 10
1
of 10
Vectors and Scalars
Ever wondered why GPS needs to know both how fast you're going AND which direction you're headed? That's because velocity is a vector - it needs both magnitude (size) and direction to be useful.
Scalars only have magnitude (like speed, distance, mass, and energy), whilst vectors have both magnitude and direction (like velocity, displacement, acceleration, and force). Think of a car going round a roundabout at constant speed - its speed stays the same, but its velocity constantly changes because the direction keeps changing.
Here's a handy trick for exams: you can often choose where to put your "zero point" for vectors. If a ball is thrown off a cliff, you could set zero at the cliff top or at the bottom - whatever makes your calculations easier!
Quick Check: Speed becomes velocity when you add direction - so "30 mph" is speed, but "30 mph north" is velocity.
2
of 10
Contact and Non-Contact Forces
Forces are basically pushes and pulls between objects, and they come in two main flavours. Contact forces happen when objects physically touch - like friction when you rub your hands together, or the normal force when you sit on a chair.
Non-contact forces work at a distance without touching. The three big ones are gravitational attraction (what keeps your feet on the ground), electrostatic forces (why your hair sticks up after going down a plastic slide), and magnetic forces.
Weight is the force gravity exerts on your mass, calculated as W = mg. On Earth, g = 9.8 m/s² (we often round to 10 for easier calculations). Your mass stays the same everywhere in the universe, but your weight changes depending on the planet you're on!
Real-World Connection: Weighing scales actually measure the force you exert downwards, then divide by 10 to show your mass in kg.
3
of 10
Resultant Forces and Free Fall
When multiple forces act on an object, we can replace them all with one resultant force that has the same overall effect. If forces act in the same direction, add them up; if they're opposite, subtract them.
The skydiver is a classic example. Initially, only weight acts downwards (833N), so they accelerate. As they speed up, air resistance increases upwards. When air resistance equals weight, the resultant force becomes zero - no more acceleration means they've reached terminal velocity.
Free body diagrams are your best friend for visualising these situations. Draw the object as a simple shape with arrows showing all forces acting on it. The length of each arrow represents the force's magnitude.
Exam Tip: Terminal velocity occurs when upward and downward forces balance completely - the object stops accelerating but keeps moving at constant speed.
4
of 10
Work and Energy Transfer
Work done = Force × Distance , but here's the crucial bit - it's only the distance moved in the direction of the force that counts. If you carry a heavy bag horizontally, you're doing no work against gravity because you're not moving up or down.
Work is really about energy transfer. When you lift that bag vertically, energy transfers from your muscles to increase the bag's gravitational potential energy. One joule of work happens when one newton of force causes one metre of displacement.
When objects rub together, work done against friction converts kinetic energy into heat energy. That's why car brakes get hot when stopping - the car's kinetic energy becomes thermal energy in the brake pads.
Remember: Work and energy are measured in the same units (joules) because work is just energy being transferred from one form to another.
5
of 10
Springs and Hooke's Law
To stretch or compress anything, you need forces pulling or pushing from different directions. If you only apply force from one side, the object just moves rather than deforms.
Hooke's Law states that extension is directly proportional to applied force: F = kx, where k is the spring constant. This only works up to the limit of proportionality - stretch too far and the spring won't return to its original shape.
Elastic deformation means the object springs back when you remove the force (like a rubber band). Plastic deformation means permanent change (like bending a paperclip too far). The work done stretching a spring stores as elastic potential energy: ½kx².
Graph Skills: On a force-extension graph, the elastic region is the straight line bit - the gradient gives you the spring constant k.
6
of 10
Moments and Rotation
Moments are the turning effect of forces around a pivot point. The formula is Moment = Force × perpendicular distance from the pivot . Think about using a spanner - the longer the handle, the easier it is to turn a bolt.
For equilibrium (no rotation), the sum of clockwise moments must equal the sum of anticlockwise moments. This is why seesaws balance when a heavy person sits closer to the middle than a lighter person.
Gears use moments to change speed and force. A small gear driving a large gear gives more turning force but slower rotation. A large gear driving a small gear gives less force but faster rotation. The gears always turn in opposite directions.
Practical Example: When cycling uphill, you use low gears (small gear driving large gear) to get more turning force on the wheels, making pedalling easier.
7
of 10
Pressure and Fluids
Pressure = Force ÷ Area . Gas particles constantly bash into container walls, creating pressure. The smaller the area, the greater the pressure for the same force - that's why drawing pins have sharp points.
In liquids, pressure increases with depth because there's more fluid pressing down from above. The formula is p = hρg (height × density × gravitational field strength). This explains why your ears hurt when diving deep into a swimming pool.
Upthrust is the upward force on submerged objects, caused by greater pressure on the bottom surface than the top. Objects float when their weight equals the weight of fluid they displace. A massive steel ship floats because it displaces a huge volume of water.
Why It Matters: Understanding pressure explains everything from why planes fly (air pressure differences) to how hydraulic car jacks work (pressure applied to small area creates large force over bigger area).
8
of 10
Motion Graphs and Terminal Velocity
Distance-time graphs: gradient = speed. Steeper gradients mean faster motion, horizontal lines mean stationary, and curves show changing speed (acceleration). For curved lines, draw a tangent to find speed at any point.
Velocity-time graphs: gradient = acceleration, area under the line = distance travelled. Negative gradients show deceleration, and horizontal lines show constant velocity.
When objects fall through fluids like air or water, they initially accelerate due to gravity. However, drag forces increase with speed until they balance the weight, reaching terminal velocity. This shows up on velocity-time graphs as a curve that starts steep then flattens out.
Calculation Tip: For irregular shapes on velocity-time graphs, count the squares under the line to find the total distance travelled.
9
of 10
Newton's Laws of Motion
Newton's First Law: Objects keep doing what they're already doing unless a resultant force acts on them. Moving objects continue at constant velocity, stationary objects stay still. This tendency is called inertia.
Newton's Second Law: F = ma. The bigger the resultant force, the greater the acceleration. The more massive the object, the smaller the acceleration for the same force. Think about pushing a shopping trolley versus pushing a car!
Newton's Third Law: Forces always come in equal and opposite pairs. When you walk, you push backwards on the ground and the ground pushes forwards on you. Rockets work by pushing hot gases downwards - the gases push back upwards on the rocket.
Common Misconception: The Third Law pairs act on different objects, so they don't cancel each other out.
10
of 10
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Physics105 views·Updated 6 Sept 2026·12 pagesUnderstanding Forces in Physics
N
Nicole Ochenge@nicoleochenge
Forces are everywhere around you - from the weight pulling you down to the friction helping you walk without slipping. Understanding forces helps explain why cars need braking distance, how rockets launch into space, and even why you feel lighter...
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Vectors and Scalars
Ever wondered why GPS needs to know both how fast you're going AND which direction you're headed? That's because velocity is a vector - it needs both magnitude (size) and direction to be useful.
Scalars only have magnitude (like speed, distance, mass, and energy), whilst vectors have both magnitude and direction (like velocity, displacement, acceleration, and force). Think of a car going round a roundabout at constant speed - its speed stays the same, but its velocity constantly changes because the direction keeps changing.
Here's a handy trick for exams: you can often choose where to put your "zero point" for vectors. If a ball is thrown off a cliff, you could set zero at the cliff top or at the bottom - whatever makes your calculations easier!
Quick Check: Speed becomes velocity when you add direction - so "30 mph" is speed, but "30 mph north" is velocity.
2
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Contact and Non-Contact Forces
Forces are basically pushes and pulls between objects, and they come in two main flavours. Contact forces happen when objects physically touch - like friction when you rub your hands together, or the normal force when you sit on a chair.
Non-contact forces work at a distance without touching. The three big ones are gravitational attraction (what keeps your feet on the ground), electrostatic forces (why your hair sticks up after going down a plastic slide), and magnetic forces.
Weight is the force gravity exerts on your mass, calculated as W = mg. On Earth, g = 9.8 m/s² (we often round to 10 for easier calculations). Your mass stays the same everywhere in the universe, but your weight changes depending on the planet you're on!
Real-World Connection: Weighing scales actually measure the force you exert downwards, then divide by 10 to show your mass in kg.
3
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Resultant Forces and Free Fall
When multiple forces act on an object, we can replace them all with one resultant force that has the same overall effect. If forces act in the same direction, add them up; if they're opposite, subtract them.
The skydiver is a classic example. Initially, only weight acts downwards (833N), so they accelerate. As they speed up, air resistance increases upwards. When air resistance equals weight, the resultant force becomes zero - no more acceleration means they've reached terminal velocity.
Free body diagrams are your best friend for visualising these situations. Draw the object as a simple shape with arrows showing all forces acting on it. The length of each arrow represents the force's magnitude.
Exam Tip: Terminal velocity occurs when upward and downward forces balance completely - the object stops accelerating but keeps moving at constant speed.
4
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Work and Energy Transfer
Work done = Force × Distance , but here's the crucial bit - it's only the distance moved in the direction of the force that counts. If you carry a heavy bag horizontally, you're doing no work against gravity because you're not moving up or down.
Work is really about energy transfer. When you lift that bag vertically, energy transfers from your muscles to increase the bag's gravitational potential energy. One joule of work happens when one newton of force causes one metre of displacement.
When objects rub together, work done against friction converts kinetic energy into heat energy. That's why car brakes get hot when stopping - the car's kinetic energy becomes thermal energy in the brake pads.
Remember: Work and energy are measured in the same units (joules) because work is just energy being transferred from one form to another.
5
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Springs and Hooke's Law
To stretch or compress anything, you need forces pulling or pushing from different directions. If you only apply force from one side, the object just moves rather than deforms.
Hooke's Law states that extension is directly proportional to applied force: F = kx, where k is the spring constant. This only works up to the limit of proportionality - stretch too far and the spring won't return to its original shape.
Elastic deformation means the object springs back when you remove the force (like a rubber band). Plastic deformation means permanent change (like bending a paperclip too far). The work done stretching a spring stores as elastic potential energy: ½kx².
Graph Skills: On a force-extension graph, the elastic region is the straight line bit - the gradient gives you the spring constant k.
6
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Moments and Rotation
Moments are the turning effect of forces around a pivot point. The formula is Moment = Force × perpendicular distance from the pivot . Think about using a spanner - the longer the handle, the easier it is to turn a bolt.
For equilibrium (no rotation), the sum of clockwise moments must equal the sum of anticlockwise moments. This is why seesaws balance when a heavy person sits closer to the middle than a lighter person.
Gears use moments to change speed and force. A small gear driving a large gear gives more turning force but slower rotation. A large gear driving a small gear gives less force but faster rotation. The gears always turn in opposite directions.
Practical Example: When cycling uphill, you use low gears (small gear driving large gear) to get more turning force on the wheels, making pedalling easier.
7
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Pressure and Fluids
Pressure = Force ÷ Area . Gas particles constantly bash into container walls, creating pressure. The smaller the area, the greater the pressure for the same force - that's why drawing pins have sharp points.
In liquids, pressure increases with depth because there's more fluid pressing down from above. The formula is p = hρg (height × density × gravitational field strength). This explains why your ears hurt when diving deep into a swimming pool.
Upthrust is the upward force on submerged objects, caused by greater pressure on the bottom surface than the top. Objects float when their weight equals the weight of fluid they displace. A massive steel ship floats because it displaces a huge volume of water.
Why It Matters: Understanding pressure explains everything from why planes fly (air pressure differences) to how hydraulic car jacks work (pressure applied to small area creates large force over bigger area).
8
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Motion Graphs and Terminal Velocity
Distance-time graphs: gradient = speed. Steeper gradients mean faster motion, horizontal lines mean stationary, and curves show changing speed (acceleration). For curved lines, draw a tangent to find speed at any point.
Velocity-time graphs: gradient = acceleration, area under the line = distance travelled. Negative gradients show deceleration, and horizontal lines show constant velocity.
When objects fall through fluids like air or water, they initially accelerate due to gravity. However, drag forces increase with speed until they balance the weight, reaching terminal velocity. This shows up on velocity-time graphs as a curve that starts steep then flattens out.
Calculation Tip: For irregular shapes on velocity-time graphs, count the squares under the line to find the total distance travelled.
9
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Newton's Laws of Motion
Newton's First Law: Objects keep doing what they're already doing unless a resultant force acts on them. Moving objects continue at constant velocity, stationary objects stay still. This tendency is called inertia.
Newton's Second Law: F = ma. The bigger the resultant force, the greater the acceleration. The more massive the object, the smaller the acceleration for the same force. Think about pushing a shopping trolley versus pushing a car!
Newton's Third Law: Forces always come in equal and opposite pairs. When you walk, you push backwards on the ground and the ground pushes forwards on you. Rockets work by pushing hot gases downwards - the gases push back upwards on the rocket.
Common Misconception: The Third Law pairs act on different objects, so they don't cancel each other out.
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