This page focuses on the various types of joint movements and the connective tissues that support the skeletal system.

Joint Movements

Different joint movements allow for a wide range of motion in sports and everyday activities:

1. Flexion: Closing a joint $e.g., preparing to shoot in netball$
2. Extension: Opening a joint $e.g., kicking a football$
3. Adduction: Moving towards an imaginary center line $e.g., swinging a golf club$
4. Abduction: Moving away from an imaginary center line $e.g., preparing to throw a discus$
5. Rotation: Clockwise or anticlockwise movement of a limb $e.g., shoulder movement in a tennis topspin forehand$
6. Circumduction: Circular motion of a limb, hand, or foot $e.g., bowling a cricket ball overarm$
7. Plantar flexion: Extension at the ankle $e.g., pointing toes in gymnastics$
8. Dorsiflexion: Flexion at the ankle $e.g., lifting toes in gymnastics$

Definition: Circumduction - A circular movement combining flexion, extension, adduction, and abduction at a joint.

Types of Joints

The page mentions two types of synovial joints:

1. Ball and socket joint
2. Hinge joint

Connective Tissues

Connective tissues play crucial roles in supporting the skeletal system:

1. Ligaments: Connect bone to bone, restricting joint movement and maintaining skeletal stability.
2. Tendons: Attach muscles to bones or other muscles, allowing for bone movement during muscle contraction.
3. Cartilage: Acts as a cushion between bones, preventing friction damage during joint movement and aiding joint stability.

Highlight: Connective tissues are essential for joint health and proper movement in athletics.

This page delves into the structure of synovial joints and provides an overview of the muscular system's role in movement.

Synovial Joints

A synovial joint allows for a wide range of movement and consists of several components:

1. Synovial fluid: Lubricates the joint, reduces friction, supplies nutrients, and removes waste products.
2. Synovial membrane: Contains and releases synovial fluid.
3. Articular cartilage: Prevents bones from rubbing together and acts as a shock absorber.
4. Joint capsule: Surrounds, protects, and stabilizes the joint.
5. Ligaments: Join bone to bone.
6. Bursae: Fluid-filled sacs that cushion between tendons and bones, reducing friction.

Vocabulary: Bursae - Small, fluid-filled sacs that act as cushions between bones, tendons, and muscles around joints.

Muscular System

The page outlines various muscles and their functions in relation to joint movements:

1. Biceps: Flexion at the elbow $e.g., curling weights$
2. Triceps: Extension at the elbow $e.g., jump shot in basketball$
3. Pectorals: Adduction and horizontal flexion at the shoulder $e.g., forehand drive in tennis$
4. Latissimus dorsi: Extension, adduction, or rotation at the shoulder $e.g., butterfly stroke in swimming$
5. Deltoid: Flexion, extension, abduction, or circumduction at the shoulder $e.g., front crawl in swimming$
6. Rotator cuffs: Rotation and abduction at the shoulder
7. Abdominals: Flexion at the waist $e.g., upward phase of a sit-up$
8. Hip flexors: Flexion of the leg at the hip $e.g., lifting the knee when sprinting$
9. Gluteals: Extension, rotation, and abduction of the leg at the hip $e.g., pushing the body forward when running$
10. Hamstrings: Flexion at the knee $e.g., bringing the foot back before kicking a football$
11. Quadriceps: Extension at the knee $e.g., performing a drop kick in rugby$
12. Gastrocnemius: Plantar flexion at the ankle $e.g., standing on toes in ballet pointe work$
13. Tibialis anterior: Dorsiflexion at the ankle $e.g., heel side turn in snowboarding$

Example: During knee flexion, the hamstrings act as the agonist, while the quadriceps are the antagonist. The roles reverse during knee extension.

The page includes a detailed diagram of a synovial joint, illustrating its various components and their functions.

This page provides supplementary details on the skeletal and muscular systems, expanding on previous information.

Skeletal System

The page reinforces the importance of the skeletal system in athletics:

1. Support and Shape: The skeleton's rigid bone frame supports soft tissues like skin and muscle, which is crucial for maintaining proper posture in sports like gymnastics.
2. Protection: Bones shield vital organs from injury during physical activities. For example, the skull's protection allows athletes to head a football or take punches in boxing without risking severe brain damage.
3. Movement: The interaction between bones, muscles, and tendons at joints is fundamental for athletic performance across various sports.

Highlight: The skeletal system's protective function is particularly important in contact sports, where the risk of injury is higher.

Muscular System

The page elaborates on specific muscles and their roles in athletic movements:

1. Biceps: Responsible for flexion at the elbow, crucial in weightlifting exercises.
2. Triceps: Enables extension at the elbow, important for pushing movements in sports like basketball.
3. Pectorals: Facilitate adduction and horizontal flexion at the shoulder, essential for tennis strokes.
4. Latissimus dorsi: Involved in extension, adduction, and rotation at the shoulder, key in swimming strokes like the butterfly.
5. Deltoid: Allows for various shoulder movements, important in swimming techniques like the front crawl.

Example: The deltoid muscle's ability to perform flexion, extension, abduction, and circumduction makes it crucial for the arm movements in front crawl swimming.

Joint Movements

The page reiterates the importance of various joint movements in sports:

1. Flexion and Extension: Fundamental movements in many sports, such as preparing to shoot in netball $flexion$ or kicking a football $extension$.
2. Adduction and Abduction: Important for lateral movements, like swinging a golf club $adduction$ or preparing to throw a discus $abduction$.
3. Rotation and Circumduction: Essential for sports requiring complex arm movements, such as tennis or cricket.

Definition: Adduction is the movement of a limb towards the body's midline, while abduction is the movement away from the midline.

The page emphasizes the interconnected nature of the skeletal and muscular systems in enabling the complex movements required for various athletic activities.

The respiratory system's structure and function are essential for athletic performance and oxygen delivery.

Vocabulary: The spirometer is a device used to measure lung volumes and capacities.

Key respiratory components include:

• Trachea and bronchi for air passage
• Alveoli for gas exchange
• Diaphragm and intercostal muscles for breathing

Example: During exercise, both breathing rate and depth increase to meet elevated oxygen demands.

The skeletal system plays a vital role in human anatomy and athletic performance. This page covers the main functions of the skeletal system and the different types of bones found in the human body.

Functions of the Skeletal System

The skeletal system serves several essential functions:

1. Support and Shape: The skeleton provides a rigid frame for the body, supporting soft tissues and aiding in posture, which is crucial for sports like gymnastics.
2. Protection: Bones protect vital organs, reducing the risk of serious injury during physical activities.

Example: The skull protects the brain, allowing athletes to head a football or take punches in boxing without severe damage.

3. Movement: Bones work with muscles and tendons to enable movement at joints, which is essential for athletic performance.
4. Blood Cell Production: Bone marrow produces blood components, including red blood cells that transport oxygen to muscles during exercise.

Highlight: Athletes with higher blood cell counts may perform better due to increased oxygen delivery to muscles.

5. Mineral Storage: Bones store minerals like calcium and phosphorus, which contribute to bone strength and muscle function.

Types of Bones

The human body contains several types of bones, each with specific characteristics and functions:

1. Long bones: Longer than they are wide, used for larger gross movements.
2. Short bones: Approximately as wide as they are long, used for smaller, fine movements.
3. Flat bones: Strong, flat plates that protect internal organs and provide surfaces for muscle attachment.
4. Irregular bones: Bones that don't fit into other categories.
5. Sesamoid bones: Embedded in tendons, such as the patella $kneecap$.

Vocabulary: Patella - The kneecap, a sesamoid bone embedded in the quadriceps tendon.

The page also includes a diagram labeling various bones in the human body, including the cranium, scapula, humerus, and femur.