Computer networks form the backbone of modern digital communications, enabling devices to share resources and information across different scales and architectures.
Networks come in three main types based on geographical coverage: Local Area Networks (LANs), Metropolitan Area Networks (MANs), and Wide Area Networks (WANs). LANs operate within limited areas like schools or offices, providing high-speed connections between nearby devices. WANs span much larger distances, even connecting globally, though typically with lower performance due to increased latency and more complex routing. The key differences between LAN and WAN network performance include speed, latency, cost, and reliability. LANs generally offer faster data transfer rates and lower latency since devices are physically closer together, while WANs require more sophisticated infrastructure to maintain connections across greater distances.
Network architecture can be organized in two primary ways: client-server and peer-to-peer configurations. In client-server networks, dedicated servers manage resources and provide services to client computers, offering centralized control and better security but requiring more expensive hardware and maintenance. Peer-to-peer networks allow all computers to act as both clients and servers, sharing resources directly without a central server. This makes them more cost-effective and resilient to single points of failure, but they can be harder to manage and secure. The choice between these architectures depends on factors like network size, security requirements, and budget constraints. Modern networks often use hybrid approaches, combining elements of both architectures to maximize benefits while minimizing drawbacks. Understanding these fundamental concepts is crucial for the OCR GCSE Computer Science curriculum, particularly in the networks and topologies section (1.3), where students must grasp both theoretical principles and practical applications of network technologies.
