Maths
Chemistry
Biology
English Language
History
Responding to change (a2 only)
Infection and response
Homeostasis and response
Energy transfers (a2 only)
Cell biology
Organisms respond to changes in their internal and external environments (a-level only)
Biological molecules
Organisation
Substance exchange
Bioenergetics
Genetic information & variation
Inheritance, variation and evolution
Genetics & ecosystems (a2 only)
Ecology
Cells
Show all topics
Britain & the wider world: 1745 -1901
1l the quest for political stability: germany, 1871-1991
The cold war
Inter-war germany
Medieval period: 1066 -1509
2d religious conflict and the church in england, c1529-c1570
2o democracy and nazism: germany, 1918-1945
1f industrialisation and the people: britain, c1783-1885
1c the tudors: england, 1485-1603
2m wars and welfare: britain in transition, 1906-1957
World war two & the holocaust
2n revolution and dictatorship: russia, 1917-1953
2s the making of modern britain, 1951-2007
World war one
Britain: 1509 -1745
Show all topics
Other
2 Dec 2025
781
5 pages
ThomasK @ttomkirb_314
Computational thinking and programming fundamentals are essential skills that break down complex problems into manageable parts. You'll learn... Show more
Computational thinking is your toolkit for solving problems like a computer scientist. It's about breaking down tricky situations into smaller, manageable chunks that you can tackle step by step.
The key components include decomposition (splitting problems into smaller parts), abstraction (focusing on what's important), and algorithmic thinking . These aren't just computer skills – you use them when planning your day or following a recipe!
Algorithms use three main control structures sequence (doing things in order), selection , and iteration (repeating actions with loops). Flowcharts help you visualise these processes using specific shapes – ovals for start/stop, rectangles for processes, and diamonds for decisions.
Quick Tip Think of algorithms like giving directions to a friend – they need to be clear, precise, and in the right order!
Sorting algorithms organise data efficiently, and you'll need to master three key types. Bubble sort works by comparing adjacent items and making multiple passes through the list until everything's in order – it's simple but slow for large datasets.
Insertion sort compares each item and inserts it into the correct position within the already sorted portion. Merge sort is more complex but faster – it splits the list into smaller parts, sorts them separately, then merges them back together.
For searching algorithms, linear search compares your target item to each item in the list one by one until it finds a match. Binary search is much faster but requires the list to be sorted first – it repeatedly splits the list in half and eliminates the half that can't contain your target.
Remember Binary search only works on sorted lists, but it's incredibly fast for large datasets!
Defensive design means anticipating how users might break your program and protecting against it. Smart programmers know that users will inevitably enter unexpected data, so you need input validation to catch problems before they crash your system.
Input validation includes several types of checks range checks (ensuring numbers fall within acceptable limits), type checks (confirming data is the right format), length checks (preventing overly long inputs), presence checks (ensuring required fields aren't empty), and format checks (validating email addresses or phone numbers).
Testing is crucial for catching errors before users do. Syntax errors prevent your code from running at all, while logic errors let the program run but produce wrong results. Use normal data (typical inputs), boundary data (extreme but valid values), and invalid data (completely wrong inputs) to thoroughly test your programs.
Pro Tip Always test with data you don't expect – that's where most programs break!
Boolean logic forms the foundation of all computer operations, using only TRUE and FALSE values. You'll work with three basic logic gates AND (true only when both inputs are true), OR (true when at least one input is true), and NOT (reverses the input).
Truth tables help you understand exactly how these gates behave with different input combinations. When you combine multiple gates, always work through the logic step by step, remembering that brackets take priority just like in maths.
Complex expressions like Q = NOT (A AND B) or Q = (NOT A) OR B might look intimidating, but break them down piece by piece. Start with the innermost operations, apply NOT gates, then work outwards following the standard order of operations.
Think of it like this Logic gates are like digital switches that follow very simple rules – once you know the rules, you can predict any outcome!
High-level programming languages like Python use English-like commands that humans can easily read and write. Low-level languages work closer to what the processor actually understands but require much more detailed instructions for simple tasks.
Translators bridge the gap between what you write and what computers execute. Compilers translate your entire program into machine code before running it, creating faster execution but requiring complete translation each time you make changes. Interpreters translate and execute your code line by line, making debugging easier but running more slowly.
Integrated Development Environments (IDEs) are your programming headquarters, combining editors (for writing code), debuggers (for finding errors), run-time environments (for testing), and error diagnostics (for identifying problems). These tools make programming much more manageable than working with basic text editors.
Remember Choose your programming language and tools based on what you're trying to build – there's no one-size-fits-all solution!
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
6
Smart Tools NEW
Transform this note into: ✓ 50+ Practice Questions ✓ Interactive Flashcards ✓ Full Mock Exam ✓ Essay Outlines
Quotes from every main character
English LiteratureApp Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
ThomasK
@ttomkirb_314
Computational thinking and programming fundamentals are essential skills that break down complex problems into manageable parts. You'll learn how to design algorithms, create robust programs, and understand the tools that make programming possible.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Computational thinking is your toolkit for solving problems like a computer scientist. It's about breaking down tricky situations into smaller, manageable chunks that you can tackle step by step.
The key components include decomposition (splitting problems into smaller parts), abstraction (focusing on what's important), and algorithmic thinking . These aren't just computer skills – you use them when planning your day or following a recipe!
Algorithms use three main control structures: sequence (doing things in order), selection , and iteration (repeating actions with loops). Flowcharts help you visualise these processes using specific shapes – ovals for start/stop, rectangles for processes, and diamonds for decisions.
Quick Tip: Think of algorithms like giving directions to a friend – they need to be clear, precise, and in the right order!
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Sorting algorithms organise data efficiently, and you'll need to master three key types. Bubble sort works by comparing adjacent items and making multiple passes through the list until everything's in order – it's simple but slow for large datasets.
Insertion sort compares each item and inserts it into the correct position within the already sorted portion. Merge sort is more complex but faster – it splits the list into smaller parts, sorts them separately, then merges them back together.
For searching algorithms, linear search compares your target item to each item in the list one by one until it finds a match. Binary search is much faster but requires the list to be sorted first – it repeatedly splits the list in half and eliminates the half that can't contain your target.
Remember: Binary search only works on sorted lists, but it's incredibly fast for large datasets!
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Defensive design means anticipating how users might break your program and protecting against it. Smart programmers know that users will inevitably enter unexpected data, so you need input validation to catch problems before they crash your system.
Input validation includes several types of checks: range checks (ensuring numbers fall within acceptable limits), type checks (confirming data is the right format), length checks (preventing overly long inputs), presence checks (ensuring required fields aren't empty), and format checks (validating email addresses or phone numbers).
Testing is crucial for catching errors before users do. Syntax errors prevent your code from running at all, while logic errors let the program run but produce wrong results. Use normal data (typical inputs), boundary data (extreme but valid values), and invalid data (completely wrong inputs) to thoroughly test your programs.
Pro Tip: Always test with data you don't expect – that's where most programs break!
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Boolean logic forms the foundation of all computer operations, using only TRUE and FALSE values. You'll work with three basic logic gates: AND (true only when both inputs are true), OR (true when at least one input is true), and NOT (reverses the input).
Truth tables help you understand exactly how these gates behave with different input combinations. When you combine multiple gates, always work through the logic step by step, remembering that brackets take priority just like in maths.
Complex expressions like Q = NOT (A AND B) or Q = (NOT A) OR B might look intimidating, but break them down piece by piece. Start with the innermost operations, apply NOT gates, then work outwards following the standard order of operations.
Think of it like this: Logic gates are like digital switches that follow very simple rules – once you know the rules, you can predict any outcome!
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
High-level programming languages like Python use English-like commands that humans can easily read and write. Low-level languages work closer to what the processor actually understands but require much more detailed instructions for simple tasks.
Translators bridge the gap between what you write and what computers execute. Compilers translate your entire program into machine code before running it, creating faster execution but requiring complete translation each time you make changes. Interpreters translate and execute your code line by line, making debugging easier but running more slowly.
Integrated Development Environments (IDEs) are your programming headquarters, combining editors (for writing code), debuggers (for finding errors), run-time environments (for testing), and error diagnostics (for identifying problems). These tools make programming much more manageable than working with basic text editors.
Remember: Choose your programming language and tools based on what you're trying to build – there's no one-size-fits-all solution!
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
6
Smart Tools NEW
Transform this note into: ✓ 50+ Practice Questions ✓ Interactive Flashcards ✓ Full Mock Exam ✓ Essay Outlines
Quotes from every main character
English LiteratureApp Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
Sociology