Maths
Chemistry
Biology
English Language
History
Responding to change (a2 only)
Infection and response
Homeostasis and response
Energy transfers (a2 only)
Cell biology
Organisms respond to changes in their internal and external environments (a-level only)
Biological molecules
Organisation
Substance exchange
Bioenergetics
Genetic information & variation
Inheritance, variation and evolution
Genetics & ecosystems (a2 only)
Ecology
Cells
Show all topics
Britain & the wider world: 1745 -1901
1l the quest for political stability: germany, 1871-1991
The cold war
Inter-war germany
Medieval period: 1066 -1509
2d religious conflict and the church in england, c1529-c1570
2o democracy and nazism: germany, 1918-1945
1f industrialisation and the people: britain, c1783-1885
1c the tudors: england, 1485-1603
2m wars and welfare: britain in transition, 1906-1957
World war two & the holocaust
2n revolution and dictatorship: russia, 1917-1953
2s the making of modern britain, 1951-2007
World war one
Britain: 1509 -1745
Show all topics
Other
3 Dec 2025
27
3 pages
Anya @acbolton005
Carbohydrates are your body's favourite source of energy, and they're everywhere in the foods you eat daily. Made... Show more
Ever wondered what makes fruit taste sweet or why honey gives you a quick energy boost? It's all down to carbohydrates, which have the simple formula C₆H₁₂O₆. Plants cleverly trap solar energy during photosynthesis, combining water and carbon dioxide to create these energy-packed molecules.
Simple carbohydrates come in two forms that you encounter every day. Monosaccharides are single sugar molecules like glucose (found in ripe fruit), fructose (the sweetness in honey), and galactose (exclusively in breast milk). Think of glucose as nature's premium fuel - your cells absolutely love it.
Disaccharides form when two sugar molecules join together through a process called condensation. Sucrose (table sugar) combines glucose and fructose, lactose (milk sugar) pairs glucose with galactose, and maltose (malt sugar) links two glucose molecules together.
Quick Tip Remember the endings - 'ose' always means sugar, so anything ending in 'ose' is a carbohydrate!
Polysaccharides are basically glucose's way of forming gangs - thousands of glucose molecules linking together to create complex structures. Starch is probably the most important one for your diet, found in bread, pasta, and potatoes. It's made of two components amylose (straight chains) and amylopectin (branched chains).
Dextrin gives your toast that lovely golden colour and extra flavour when heat breaks down starch molecules. Meanwhile, cellulose forms the tough structure of plant cell walls - it's incredibly strong because its glucose molecules form straight, unbranched lines.
Dietary fibre is the unsung hero of digestive health. Soluble fibre (like pectins in fruit) dissolves in water and helps soften waste, whilst insoluble fibre (found in whole wheat) adds bulk to help everything move through your system smoothly.
Pectin deserves special mention - it's what makes your jam set properly! Food manufacturers use pectin's gel-forming properties, but it needs the right balance of temperature, acidity, and sugar content to work its magic.
Did You Know Humans can't digest cellulose, but it's still essential for keeping your digestive system running smoothly!
Your body is pretty clever when it comes to energy storage. Glycogen is your personal glucose warehouse, stored mainly in your liver and muscles for when you need quick energy. Think of it as your body's emergency fuel tank that kicks in during intense exercise or between meals.
The process works through two key mechanisms glycogenesis (building glycogen from glucose) and glycogenolysis (breaking glycogen back down to release glucose). Your liver acts like a glucose bank, constantly depositing and withdrawing energy based on your body's needs.
Carbohydrates serve three crucial functions that keep you going strong. They're your primary energy source for everything from breathing to sprinting. Dietary fibre keeps your digestive system healthy and helps eliminate waste effectively.
Perhaps most importantly, carbohydrates act as protein sparers - when you eat enough carbs, your body doesn't need to break down valuable muscle proteins to make glucose. This means your muscles stay strong whilst your brain gets the steady glucose supply it absolutely requires.
Remember Your brain uses about 20% of your daily energy, and it almost exclusively runs on glucose - so don't skip those healthy carbs!
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
0
Smart Tools NEW
Transform this note into: ✓ 50+ Practice Questions ✓ Interactive Flashcards ✓ Full Mock Exam ✓ Essay Outlines
App Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
Anya
@acbolton005
Carbohydrates are your body's favourite source of energy, and they're everywhere in the foods you eat daily. Made from just three elements - carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen - these molecules power everything from your morning jog to your brain during... Show more
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Ever wondered what makes fruit taste sweet or why honey gives you a quick energy boost? It's all down to carbohydrates, which have the simple formula C₆H₁₂O₆. Plants cleverly trap solar energy during photosynthesis, combining water and carbon dioxide to create these energy-packed molecules.
Simple carbohydrates come in two forms that you encounter every day. Monosaccharides are single sugar molecules like glucose (found in ripe fruit), fructose (the sweetness in honey), and galactose (exclusively in breast milk). Think of glucose as nature's premium fuel - your cells absolutely love it.
Disaccharides form when two sugar molecules join together through a process called condensation. Sucrose (table sugar) combines glucose and fructose, lactose (milk sugar) pairs glucose with galactose, and maltose (malt sugar) links two glucose molecules together.
Quick Tip: Remember the endings - 'ose' always means sugar, so anything ending in 'ose' is a carbohydrate!
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Polysaccharides are basically glucose's way of forming gangs - thousands of glucose molecules linking together to create complex structures. Starch is probably the most important one for your diet, found in bread, pasta, and potatoes. It's made of two components: amylose (straight chains) and amylopectin (branched chains).
Dextrin gives your toast that lovely golden colour and extra flavour when heat breaks down starch molecules. Meanwhile, cellulose forms the tough structure of plant cell walls - it's incredibly strong because its glucose molecules form straight, unbranched lines.
Dietary fibre is the unsung hero of digestive health. Soluble fibre (like pectins in fruit) dissolves in water and helps soften waste, whilst insoluble fibre (found in whole wheat) adds bulk to help everything move through your system smoothly.
Pectin deserves special mention - it's what makes your jam set properly! Food manufacturers use pectin's gel-forming properties, but it needs the right balance of temperature, acidity, and sugar content to work its magic.
Did You Know: Humans can't digest cellulose, but it's still essential for keeping your digestive system running smoothly!
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Your body is pretty clever when it comes to energy storage. Glycogen is your personal glucose warehouse, stored mainly in your liver and muscles for when you need quick energy. Think of it as your body's emergency fuel tank that kicks in during intense exercise or between meals.
The process works through two key mechanisms: glycogenesis (building glycogen from glucose) and glycogenolysis (breaking glycogen back down to release glucose). Your liver acts like a glucose bank, constantly depositing and withdrawing energy based on your body's needs.
Carbohydrates serve three crucial functions that keep you going strong. They're your primary energy source for everything from breathing to sprinting. Dietary fibre keeps your digestive system healthy and helps eliminate waste effectively.
Perhaps most importantly, carbohydrates act as protein sparers - when you eat enough carbs, your body doesn't need to break down valuable muscle proteins to make glucose. This means your muscles stay strong whilst your brain gets the steady glucose supply it absolutely requires.
Remember: Your brain uses about 20% of your daily energy, and it almost exclusively runs on glucose - so don't skip those healthy carbs!
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
0
Smart Tools NEW
Transform this note into: ✓ 50+ Practice Questions ✓ Interactive Flashcards ✓ Full Mock Exam ✓ Essay Outlines
App Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
Food & Nutrition
Design & Technology
Sociology