Biological causes of crime stem from various physiological and genetic factors that can influence criminal behavior. Psychopathy, a significant biological factor, manifests in individuals who appear normal but lack empathy and remorse. These traits make them more prone to committing crimes without feeling guilt. Modern research has shown that psychopaths often have different brain structures, particularly in areas controlling emotions and impulse regulation.

The role of hormones, particularly testosterone, represents another crucial biological theory of crime. Males typically have higher testosterone levels, which correlates with increased aggression and risk-taking behavior. This biological difference partially explains why men constitute approximately 90% of the prison population in Scotland and similar proportions worldwide.

Definition: Psychopathy is a personality disorder characterized by persistent antisocial behavior, impaired empathy and remorse, and disinhibited or bold behavior.

Economic causes of crime manifest through various pathways, with poverty being a primary driver. When individuals struggle to meet basic needs, they may resort to criminal activities for survival. Examples of crimes caused by poverty include "survival shoplifting," which accounts for roughly 25% of property crimes, involving the theft of essential items like food and clothing.

Social causes of crime are equally significant and often intertwined with economic factors. Drug addiction represents a major social catalyst for criminal behavior, with studies showing that 76% of inmates test positive for substances. Peer pressure, particularly among young people, can lead to criminal activities such as vandalism and underage drinking.

Example: The phenomenon of "survival shoplifting" demonstrates how economic hardship directly influences crime rates, with individuals stealing necessities rather than luxury items.

Crime creates ripple effects throughout society, affecting victims, perpetrators, families, and communities. Victims often experience severe psychological trauma, with studies showing that 94% of rape victims suffer from PTSD in the immediate aftermath of the attack. The impact extends to perpetrators' families, who may face social ostracism and harassment.

Communities bear collective consequences of criminal activity. Areas with high crime rates often experience property devaluation, business closures, and population exodus. The financial burden on wider society is substantial, with Scottish businesses losing approximately £5 billion annually due to crime-related costs.

Highlight: The economic impact of crime extends beyond direct losses, including increased security costs, higher insurance premiums, and reduced property values in affected areas.

Modern policing employs various strategies to combat crime effectively. Community policing initiatives, such as the "campus cops" program in Scottish secondary schools, help build trust between law enforcement and young people while addressing problems before they escalate.

Prevention strategies have shown significant success, particularly in addressing specific issues like knife crime. The Glasgow Violence Reduction Unit demonstrates how collaborative approaches involving multiple agencies can effectively reduce criminal behavior. Police powers, including the ability to detain suspects for up to 24 hours, help ensure thorough investigation while maintaining public safety.

Quote: "Prevention is better than cure - this principle guides modern policing strategies that focus on stopping crime before it happens rather than just responding to it."

Police effectiveness at large-scale events demonstrates a crucial aspect of crime prevention. Law enforcement maintains security through strategic patrolling at concerts, football matches, and major gatherings. The successful handling of COP26, the UK's largest international conference, exemplifies effective crowd management and crime deterrence.

Example: During COP26, Police Scotland's presence prevented significant disorder, contrasting with similar events in other countries that often experience violence.

However, challenges persist in solving historical crimes and addressing institutional issues. The approximately 1,000 unsolved murders since 1960 in Scotland highlight limitations in investigative capabilities. Additionally, internal problems with discrimination affect police effectiveness in tackling Social causes of crime, particularly hate crimes.

Definition: Prison serves dual purposes: rehabilitation and protection. Rehabilitation focuses on preventing reoffending through education and skill development, while protection involves keeping dangerous offenders away from society.

The Scottish criminal court system plays a vital role in justice administration through multiple powers and responsibilities. Courts determine guilt and issue appropriate punishments, considering various factors including criminal history and offense severity.

Highlight: Courts can impose custodial sentences and financial penalties. For instance, the High Court in Glasgow handles serious crimes like murder, while sheriff courts manage cases like embezzlement.

Government responses to crime include legislative measures targeting Economic causes of crime. The implementation of Minimum Unit Pricing (MUP) for alcohol has resulted in a 3% drop in sales, addressing alcohol-related violent crime. Additionally, stricter driving laws with increased penalties aim to reduce traffic offenses.

Vocabulary: Custodial sentence - imprisonment ordered by a court as punishment for a crime.

The Children's Hearing System represents Scotland's unique approach to youth justice and welfare. This system emphasizes listening to young people and making decisions that serve their best interests while addressing Psychological causes of crime.

Definition: The Children's Hearing System is a panel-based approach where volunteers make legal decisions about children's care and behavior in an informal setting.

The system possesses significant powers, including implementing Compulsory Supervision Orders. These orders can mandate home supervision with social worker oversight or, in serious cases, removal from the home environment. This approach addresses both welfare needs and youth offending behavior, with 75% of referrals originating from police.

Example: A young person exhibiting truancy might receive regular social worker visits, while those facing abuse or beyond parental control may be placed in alternative care settings.