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GCSE Maths Higher Tier is your gateway to achieving grades 6-9, and this comprehensive revision guide has got your back. The higher tier opens doors to advanced mathematical concepts that'll challenge you but also reward you with better grades.

This guide focuses specifically on the higher tier content, which means you'll be tackling more complex problems that demonstrate real mathematical thinking. You'll find QR codes throughout that link to revision videos - some covering grade 5 basics (both higher and foundation), whilst others dive into the grade 6-9 material that's higher tier only.

Top Tip: Use the online version to jump between sections quickly - just click on any topic in the contents to navigate instantly!

Contents and Navigation

Your GCSE maths revision journey starts here with a cleverly organised contents page that makes finding topics dead easy. The guide splits into clear units, starting with Number and moving through Algebra, making your revision systematic and manageable.

Interactive features make this guide brilliant for digital learning. Click any section title to jump straight there, and use the 'back to contents' button to navigate around effortlessly. No more endless scrolling through pages trying to find what you need!

The revision videos are split into two categories - everything for grade 5 (covering both higher and foundation material) and everything for grades 6-9 (higher tier only). This means you can target exactly the level you're aiming for.

Study Smart: Bookmark this contents page - it's your roadmap to GCSE maths success and saves loads of time during revision sessions.

Unit 1: Number - Decimals and Prime Factors

Multiplying decimals might look scary, but it's actually straightforward once you get the hang of it. For 54.6 × 4.3, you multiply as normal numbers (546 × 43), then count the decimal places in both original numbers to place your decimal point correctly.

Product of prime factors is about breaking numbers down to their basic building blocks. To express 56 as prime factors, you keep dividing by the smallest prime numbers until you can't go further. Start with 2, then 3, then 5, and so on.

The key to both these topics is methodical working. Don't rush - prime factorisation especially needs careful step-by-step division to avoid mistakes. Write out each division clearly and double-check by multiplying your factors back together.

Exam Hack: Always check your prime factor answers by multiplying them back - if you don't get your original number, you've made an error somewhere!

Finding HCF and LCM

Highest Common Factor (HCF) and Lowest Common Multiple (LCM) are like mathematical twins - they work together using prime factors. For HCF of 84 and 180, you find all the common prime factors and multiply them together.

LCM calculations take the opposite approach. You need every prime factor that appears in either number, using the highest power of each. For 40 and 56, write both as prime factors first, then combine cleverly.

The prime factor method works every time and prevents silly mistakes. Break both numbers into prime factors, then for HCF take what's common, for LCM take everything (using the highest powers). It's like a mathematical recipe that never fails.

Memory Trick: HCF = Highest Common Factor (take what's shared), LCM = Everything needed to make both numbers work.

Laws of Indices

Index laws are your mathematical superpowers for dealing with powers and roots. When multiplying powers with the same base, you add the indices. When dividing, you subtract them. For 3⁷ × 3⁻² ÷ 3³, you get 3⁷⁺⁽⁻²⁾⁻³ = 3².

Fractional indices might look weird but they're actually quite logical. The denominator tells you the root, the numerator tells you the power. So 81^(1/2) means the square root of 81, which equals 9.

Negative indices mean 'flip it' - they create fractions. Once you master these rules, even complex expressions become manageable. Practice recognising patterns and applying the rules systematically.

Golden Rule: When you see fractional indices, think "root then power" or "power then root" - both give the same answer!

Advanced Indices and Standard Form

Index equations like 3⁻ⁿ = 0.2 require you to work backwards from the answer. Convert 0.2 to a fraction, then express it as a power of 3. This gives you the value of n, which you can use to find (3⁴)ⁿ.

Standard form conversions are essential for handling very large or very small numbers. For 0.00562, count how many places you move the decimal point to get a number between 1 and 10. Moving right gives negative powers, moving left gives positive powers.

Converting back from standard form is just the reverse process. 1.452 × 10³ means move the decimal point 3 places to the right, giving 1452.

Standard Form Shortcut: Small numbers (less than 1) always have negative powers; big numbers (more than 10) always have positive powers.

Standard Form Calculations and Surds

Standard form calculations follow normal arithmetic rules - just keep the powers of 10 separate. For (13.8 × 10⁷) × (5.4 × 10⁻¹²), multiply 13.8 × 5.4, then add the powers: 10⁷ × 10⁻¹² = 10⁻⁵.

Simplifying surds means taking out perfect square factors. For 5√27, find the largest square number that divides 27. Since 27 = 9 × 3 and 9 is a perfect square, you get 5√27 = 5 × 3√3 = 15√3.

Both topics need you to spot patterns and use rules systematically. With standard form, keep numbers and powers separate. With surds, always look for perfect square factors to simplify.

Surd Strategy: Always factorise what's under the square root sign - look for perfect squares you can take out to simplify!

Operations with Surds

Adding and subtracting surds requires expanding brackets carefully. For √5(√8 + √18), multiply √5 by each term separately. Simplify √8 and √18 first by taking out perfect square factors, then combine like terms.

Expanding brackets with surds follows the same rules as normal algebra, but you need to remember that (√a)² = a. For (3 + √5)², use the pattern $a + b$² = a² + 2ab + b², giving 9 + 6√5 + 5.

The key is treating surds like algebraic terms - you can only add or subtract surds that are exactly the same. √2 and √3 can't be combined, but 2√5 and 3√5 can.

Bracket Expansion Reminder: (√5)² = 5, not √25! The square and square root cancel each other out completely.

Rationalising Denominators

Rationalising the denominator means getting rid of surds from the bottom of fractions. For (6-√8)/(√2-1), multiply top and bottom by the conjugate (√2+1). This creates a difference of squares on the bottom, eliminating the surd.

Complex rationalisation with expressions like (3-√2)² requires more steps. First expand the denominator, then multiply by an appropriate expression to clear the surds. The algebra gets intensive, but the method stays the same.

The conjugate method works because $a-b$$a+b$ = a² - b². When one term is a surd, this difference of squares eliminates it completely. Always multiply both numerator and denominator by the same conjugate expression.

Conjugate Magic: To rationalise a-√b, multiply by a+√b. The surds disappear through the difference of squares pattern!

Unit 2: Algebra, Equations and Sequences

Expanding brackets with multiple terms needs careful distribution. For 5$p+3$-2(12p), multiply everything inside each bracket by the number outside, then collect like terms. Watch out for negative signs - they change everything that follows.

Factorising expressions reverses the expansion process. For 5-10m, look for the highest common factor (5) and take it out. For 2a²b+6ab², find the highest common factor of all terms, including both numbers and letters.

Algebraic manipulation forms the foundation for solving equations and inequalities later. Take your time with signs and double-check by expanding your factorised answers - they should give you back the original expression.

Factorisation Check: Always expand your factorised answer - if you don't get back to the original expression, you've made an error!