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10 Dec 2025

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Modern Britain 1951-1964: Foreign Relations Explained

user profile picture

Nana @seobins

The period of 1951-64 marked significant changes in British foreign relations, reshaping the UK's position on the world... Show more

1951-64
EEFTA and attempts to join the EEC
● The Schuman Plan set out the proposals for a Coal and Steel Community promoting rapid economic

EEFTA and Attempts to Join the EEC

Britain's relationship with European integration got off to a complicated start. While supporting economic cooperation through initiatives like the Schuman Plan, Britain initially chose to remain outside the European Economic Community (EEC) when it formed in 1957. The government was more focused on maintaining Britain's triple position in world affairs European ties, Commonwealth relationships, and the special bond with the USA.

By 1959, Britain established the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) as an alternative, but its limited success prompted a change of heart. The UK finally applied to join the EEC in 1961, recognising Europe's growing economic importance. However, French President Charles de Gaulle vetoed Britain's application in 1963, determined to protect the French-German alliance from "les Anglo-Saxons."

The reasons for Britain's initial reluctance to join were complex. Labour harboured suspicions about the free-market principles behind the Common Market, while Conservatives prioritised Commonwealth trade links. Many British leaders, still from the wartime generation, clung to visions of Britain as a global power and viewed Germany with lingering suspicion.

Did you know? Britain could have easily joined the EEC at any point up to 1957 but chose not to, believing it wasn't vital to British interests. It wasn't until 1973, after de Gaulle left office, that Britain finally secured membership.

1951-64
EEFTA and attempts to join the EEC
● The Schuman Plan set out the proposals for a Coal and Steel Community promoting rapid economic

Relations with USA and USSR

The early Cold War dominated Britain's relationships with both superpowers. Though all three nations had been wartime allies, Britain and the USA remained close partners after 1945 while jointly opposing Soviet communist expansion across Europe. Britain became a founding member of NATO in 1949, committing substantial troops to West Germany.

The 'special relationship' with America manifested in several ways. Britain supported the UN in Korea, worked to sustain West Berlin, and Prime Minister Macmillan maintained good personal relationships with leaders like Kennedy. During the Cuban Missile Crisis, Kennedy kept Macmillan informed, though Britain was essentially a "bystander" according to Chancellor Peter Thorneycroft.

This special relationship faced significant strains, however. The Burgess and Maclean affair—where British intelligence officers defected to the USSR—raised American concerns about security leaks. The Suez Crisis created serious tensions, as did Britain's complicated relationship with the EEC, which America supported Britain joining as a bridge between Europe and America.

Remember After the Suez Crisis in 1956, British belief in imperial power was severely shaken, accelerating decolonisation in Africa and prompting Britain to reconsider EEC membership as its global influence waned.

1951-64
EEFTA and attempts to join the EEC
● The Schuman Plan set out the proposals for a Coal and Steel Community promoting rapid economic

Debates over the Nuclear Deterrent

Britain's pursuit of nuclear weapons became a defining issue in post-war defence policy. When the US stopped sharing nuclear secrets after WWII, the Labour government committed to developing an independent nuclear deterrent. Churchill continued this policy, with Britain successfully testing its first atomic bomb in 1952—becoming just the third nuclear power after the US and USSR.

This nuclear ambition sparked significant domestic opposition. The Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament (CND) formed in 1958, quickly growing into a powerful pressure group backed by intellectuals and middle-class protesters. They advocated for unilateral nuclear disarmament, organising major demonstrations like the 8,000-person march at the Aldermaston weapons research base in 1958.

By 1958, the US agreed once again to share nuclear technology with Britain under the Mutual Defence Agreement. This cooperation made it increasingly clear that Britain's deterrent wasn't truly independent, causing some Labour Party members to grow more skeptical of supporting a pro-nuclear policy.

Critical context The nuclear debate reflected Britain's struggle to maintain great power status despite declining resources. CND became a magnet for broader anti-government sentiment, with many Labour left-wingers joining its ranks.

1951-64
EEFTA and attempts to join the EEC
● The Schuman Plan set out the proposals for a Coal and Steel Community promoting rapid economic

Suez Crisis 1956

The Suez Crisis became a watershed moment in British foreign policy. The Suez Canal was vital for global trade—80% of Western oil imports passed through it. When Egyptian President Nasser nationalised the canal in 1956, Prime Minister Eden viewed it as a provocation Britain couldn't ignore, believing Nasser threatened stability in Africa.

Eden, alongside most of his cabinet, pursued a drastic plan. Meeting secretly with France and Israel, they arranged for Israel to invade Egypt, allowing Britain and France to intervene as "peacemakers" while seizing control of the canal. Despite domestic political protests, it was American pressure that ultimately forced Britain to retreat, revealing the limits of British power.

The humiliating withdrawal plunged Britain into financial crisis and ended Eden's career. More significantly, it shattered illusions about Britain's global standing, forcing a painful reassessment of the country's position in the world. The crisis demonstrated that Britain lacked the strength to act against American wishes.

Turning point The Suez Crisis marked the moment Britain had to confront its diminished global status. After this failure, British policymakers accelerated decolonisation, granting independence to numerous territories including Ghana (1957), West Indies (1958), and Nigeria and Cyprus (1960).

1951-64
EEFTA and attempts to join the EEC
● The Schuman Plan set out the proposals for a Coal and Steel Community promoting rapid economic

The 'Winds of Change' and Decolonisation

Britain's retreat from Empire was already underway by 1951, with India's independence in 1947 setting a precedent. During the 1950s, national independence movements gained momentum across British colonies in Malaya, Kenya, and Cyprus, creating mounting pressure that became increasingly difficult to contain.

Early British policy aimed for gradual transition from Empire to Commonwealth, assuming colonial resistance could be managed until territories were "ready" for independence. The Mau Mau rebellion in Kenya (1952) challenged this thinking. Initially, authorities believed they could easily suppress the movement, imprisoning its leader Jomo Kenyatta—who later became president of an independent Kenya. The brutal treatment of Mau Mau captives damaged Britain's international reputation.

After the Suez Crisis, decolonisation accelerated dramatically. Ghana gained independence in 1957, followed by Nigeria and Cyprus (1960), Tanganyika and Sierra Leone (1961), Uganda (1962) and Kenya (1963). This shift was signalled by Macmillan's famous "wind of change" speech in Cape Town, acknowledging the unstoppable movement toward self-governance.

Success story Despite initial resistance, British decolonisation was ultimately completed more swiftly and with less violence than that of other European powers like Belgium and Portugal. Macmillan's pragmatic approach, though born of necessity after Suez, proved remarkably effective in managing imperial decline.

We thought you’d never ask...

What is the Knowunity AI companion?

Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.

Where can I download the Knowunity app?

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Is Knowunity really free of charge?

That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.

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Transform this note into: ✓ 50+ Practice Questions ✓ Interactive Flashcards ✓ Full Mock Exam ✓ Essay Outlines

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History

320

10 Dec 2025

5 pages

Modern Britain 1951-1964: Foreign Relations Explained

user profile picture

Nana

@seobins

The period of 1951-64 marked significant changes in British foreign relations, reshaping the UK's position on the world stage. From its complex relationship with Europe to navigating Cold War tensions, this era saw Britain reassess its global role as imperial... Show more

1951-64
EEFTA and attempts to join the EEC
● The Schuman Plan set out the proposals for a Coal and Steel Community promoting rapid economic

Sign up to see the contentIt's free!

Access to all documents

Improve your grades

Join milions of students

By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy

EEFTA and Attempts to Join the EEC

Britain's relationship with European integration got off to a complicated start. While supporting economic cooperation through initiatives like the Schuman Plan, Britain initially chose to remain outside the European Economic Community (EEC) when it formed in 1957. The government was more focused on maintaining Britain's triple position in world affairs: European ties, Commonwealth relationships, and the special bond with the USA.

By 1959, Britain established the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) as an alternative, but its limited success prompted a change of heart. The UK finally applied to join the EEC in 1961, recognising Europe's growing economic importance. However, French President Charles de Gaulle vetoed Britain's application in 1963, determined to protect the French-German alliance from "les Anglo-Saxons."

The reasons for Britain's initial reluctance to join were complex. Labour harboured suspicions about the free-market principles behind the Common Market, while Conservatives prioritised Commonwealth trade links. Many British leaders, still from the wartime generation, clung to visions of Britain as a global power and viewed Germany with lingering suspicion.

Did you know? Britain could have easily joined the EEC at any point up to 1957 but chose not to, believing it wasn't vital to British interests. It wasn't until 1973, after de Gaulle left office, that Britain finally secured membership.

1951-64
EEFTA and attempts to join the EEC
● The Schuman Plan set out the proposals for a Coal and Steel Community promoting rapid economic

Sign up to see the contentIt's free!

Access to all documents

Improve your grades

Join milions of students

By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy

Relations with USA and USSR

The early Cold War dominated Britain's relationships with both superpowers. Though all three nations had been wartime allies, Britain and the USA remained close partners after 1945 while jointly opposing Soviet communist expansion across Europe. Britain became a founding member of NATO in 1949, committing substantial troops to West Germany.

The 'special relationship' with America manifested in several ways. Britain supported the UN in Korea, worked to sustain West Berlin, and Prime Minister Macmillan maintained good personal relationships with leaders like Kennedy. During the Cuban Missile Crisis, Kennedy kept Macmillan informed, though Britain was essentially a "bystander" according to Chancellor Peter Thorneycroft.

This special relationship faced significant strains, however. The Burgess and Maclean affair—where British intelligence officers defected to the USSR—raised American concerns about security leaks. The Suez Crisis created serious tensions, as did Britain's complicated relationship with the EEC, which America supported Britain joining as a bridge between Europe and America.

Remember: After the Suez Crisis in 1956, British belief in imperial power was severely shaken, accelerating decolonisation in Africa and prompting Britain to reconsider EEC membership as its global influence waned.

1951-64
EEFTA and attempts to join the EEC
● The Schuman Plan set out the proposals for a Coal and Steel Community promoting rapid economic

Sign up to see the contentIt's free!

Access to all documents

Improve your grades

Join milions of students

By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy

Debates over the Nuclear Deterrent

Britain's pursuit of nuclear weapons became a defining issue in post-war defence policy. When the US stopped sharing nuclear secrets after WWII, the Labour government committed to developing an independent nuclear deterrent. Churchill continued this policy, with Britain successfully testing its first atomic bomb in 1952—becoming just the third nuclear power after the US and USSR.

This nuclear ambition sparked significant domestic opposition. The Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament (CND) formed in 1958, quickly growing into a powerful pressure group backed by intellectuals and middle-class protesters. They advocated for unilateral nuclear disarmament, organising major demonstrations like the 8,000-person march at the Aldermaston weapons research base in 1958.

By 1958, the US agreed once again to share nuclear technology with Britain under the Mutual Defence Agreement. This cooperation made it increasingly clear that Britain's deterrent wasn't truly independent, causing some Labour Party members to grow more skeptical of supporting a pro-nuclear policy.

Critical context: The nuclear debate reflected Britain's struggle to maintain great power status despite declining resources. CND became a magnet for broader anti-government sentiment, with many Labour left-wingers joining its ranks.

1951-64
EEFTA and attempts to join the EEC
● The Schuman Plan set out the proposals for a Coal and Steel Community promoting rapid economic

Sign up to see the contentIt's free!

Access to all documents

Improve your grades

Join milions of students

By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy

Suez Crisis 1956

The Suez Crisis became a watershed moment in British foreign policy. The Suez Canal was vital for global trade—80% of Western oil imports passed through it. When Egyptian President Nasser nationalised the canal in 1956, Prime Minister Eden viewed it as a provocation Britain couldn't ignore, believing Nasser threatened stability in Africa.

Eden, alongside most of his cabinet, pursued a drastic plan. Meeting secretly with France and Israel, they arranged for Israel to invade Egypt, allowing Britain and France to intervene as "peacemakers" while seizing control of the canal. Despite domestic political protests, it was American pressure that ultimately forced Britain to retreat, revealing the limits of British power.

The humiliating withdrawal plunged Britain into financial crisis and ended Eden's career. More significantly, it shattered illusions about Britain's global standing, forcing a painful reassessment of the country's position in the world. The crisis demonstrated that Britain lacked the strength to act against American wishes.

Turning point: The Suez Crisis marked the moment Britain had to confront its diminished global status. After this failure, British policymakers accelerated decolonisation, granting independence to numerous territories including Ghana (1957), West Indies (1958), and Nigeria and Cyprus (1960).

1951-64
EEFTA and attempts to join the EEC
● The Schuman Plan set out the proposals for a Coal and Steel Community promoting rapid economic

Sign up to see the contentIt's free!

Access to all documents

Improve your grades

Join milions of students

By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy

The 'Winds of Change' and Decolonisation

Britain's retreat from Empire was already underway by 1951, with India's independence in 1947 setting a precedent. During the 1950s, national independence movements gained momentum across British colonies in Malaya, Kenya, and Cyprus, creating mounting pressure that became increasingly difficult to contain.

Early British policy aimed for gradual transition from Empire to Commonwealth, assuming colonial resistance could be managed until territories were "ready" for independence. The Mau Mau rebellion in Kenya (1952) challenged this thinking. Initially, authorities believed they could easily suppress the movement, imprisoning its leader Jomo Kenyatta—who later became president of an independent Kenya. The brutal treatment of Mau Mau captives damaged Britain's international reputation.

After the Suez Crisis, decolonisation accelerated dramatically. Ghana gained independence in 1957, followed by Nigeria and Cyprus (1960), Tanganyika and Sierra Leone (1961), Uganda (1962) and Kenya (1963). This shift was signalled by Macmillan's famous "wind of change" speech in Cape Town, acknowledging the unstoppable movement toward self-governance.

Success story: Despite initial resistance, British decolonisation was ultimately completed more swiftly and with less violence than that of other European powers like Belgium and Portugal. Macmillan's pragmatic approach, though born of necessity after Suez, proved remarkably effective in managing imperial decline.

We thought you’d never ask...

What is the Knowunity AI companion?

Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.

Where can I download the Knowunity app?

You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.

Is Knowunity really free of charge?

That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.

7

Smart Tools NEW

Transform this note into: ✓ 50+ Practice Questions ✓ Interactive Flashcards ✓ Full Mock Exam ✓ Essay Outlines

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Flashcards
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very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.

Rohan U

Android user

I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.

Xander S

iOS user

THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮

Elisha

iOS user

This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now

Paul T

iOS user