The type of ground (e.g. it may have been muddy, flat, easy to walk on)

The trench nearest to the enemy - the firing line.

Linked the firing line with the command, support and reserve trench

The area between two opposing lines of trenches. Barbed wire was placed here to slow down the progress of attack.

Spread by lice and caused headaches, shivering and pain in joints - lasted approximately 5 days.

Feet become numb and swollen from standing in waterlogged trenches. Some cases became gangrenous and required amputation.

Tiredness, headaches, nightmares, los of speech, uncontrollable shaking and complete mental breakdown. An estimated 80,000 British troops experienced shellshock.

Fragments of metal that travelled at high speeds - responsible for 58% of wounds.

A steel helmet with a strap that prevented it being thrown off the head during an explosion. Estimated to reduce fatal head wounds by 80%.

first used in 1915 at 2nd Battle of Ypres. Led to death by suffocation, so gas masks were given to all British troops in July 1915. Before this, soldiers were soaking cotton pads with urine and pressing them to their faces to help stop the gas entering their lungs. The British retailed with their own gas attack in 1915 at the Battle of Loos, but the wind changed direction and the gas blew back on the British lines.

first used at the end of 1915 near Ypres. Had similar effects to chlorine gas, but it was faster acting and killed an exposed person within 2 days.

First used in 1917 by the Germans. It was an odourless gas that worked within 12 hours, causing both internal and external blisters and could pass through clothing to burn the skin.

(Royal Army Medical Corps). A branch of the army that was responsible for medical care and was formally founded in 1898.

First Aid Nursing Yeomanry. Founded in 1907, this was the first ever women’s voluntary organisation to send volunteers to the Western Front. It provided frontline support for the medical services (such as driving ambulances and engaging in emergency first aid).

How injured soldiers accessed medical treatment from front line fighting: stretcher bearers, Regimental Aid Post, Dressing Stations, Casualty Clearing Stations and Base Hospitals.

A splint that stopped joints from moving and helped fractured wounds heal in the leg. Increased survival rate from 20% to 82%.

Improved during WW1. Led by Harold Gillies who opened a specialist hospital in Kent in 1917.

English (UK)

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Biology notes for paper 1

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The British Sector on the Western Front

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Main causes of ww1

The British Sector on the Western Front

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Main causes of ww1