Maths
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Responding to change (a2 only)
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Organisms respond to changes in their internal and external environments (a-level only)
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Britain & the wider world: 1745 -1901
1l the quest for political stability: germany, 1871-1991
The cold war
Inter-war germany
Medieval period: 1066 -1509
2d religious conflict and the church in england, c1529-c1570
2o democracy and nazism: germany, 1918-1945
1f industrialisation and the people: britain, c1783-1885
1c the tudors: england, 1485-1603
2m wars and welfare: britain in transition, 1906-1957
World war two & the holocaust
2n revolution and dictatorship: russia, 1917-1953
2s the making of modern britain, 1951-2007
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History
9 Dec 2025
80
4 pages
Millie @millie_rains
Medieval medicine was dominated by religious beliefs and ancient theories that hadn't been questioned for centuries. From 1250-1500,... Show more
Ever wondered why medieval people thought bad smells could kill you? Medieval folk had some pretty wild ideas about what made people sick! They blamed everything from God's punishment for sins to dodgy planet alignments and something called miasma - basically, any foul-smelling air was seen as deadly.
The Four Humours theory was massive back then. Created by Hippocrates and developed by Galen, it claimed your body had four fluids (blood, phlegm, yellow bile, black bile) that needed perfect balance. Too much of one? You'd get ill. Simple as that.
Medieval hospitals were run by monks and nuns and weren't really about curing people - they were more like religious hostels. By 1500, England had about 1,100 hospitals! But don't get excited - they rejected anyone infectious, pregnant, or mentally ill.
Key Point Medieval hospitals focused on care over cure, offering prayer, rest, and basic food rather than actual medical treatment.
These hospitals were funded by the Church and mainly looked after pilgrims and the elderly. Treatment was basically prayer, warm food, and hope for the best!
Think getting medical help today is confusing? Medieval times had four types of healers, and your social class determined who you could afford! Physicians were the posh option - expensive, university-trained, and obsessed with checking your wee and star charts rather than actually touching patients.
Apothecaries were like medieval chemists, mixing herbal remedies and sometimes dabbling in dodgy supernatural stuff like amulets. The Church wasn't keen on this magical side of their work, but people loved it.
Barber surgeons did the gory bits - pulling teeth, small operations, and bloodletting. Since physicians wouldn't get their hands dirty, barbers with sharp tools became the go-to for surgery. Some became seriously skilled through hands-on experience.
Local women treated most ordinary folk. They'd make herbal remedies, prepare restorative food, and provide basic care at home. They were well-respected and essential since most people couldn't afford fancy physicians.
Remember Your medieval medical care depended entirely on your wallet - serfs got local women, merchants got apothecaries, and wealthy barons got physicians!
Medieval treatments sound mental by today's standards, but they made perfect sense if you believed in the Four Humours! Bloodletting was everywhere - barber surgeons would cut veins, use leeches, or try cupping to rebalance your humours. Feeling sick? Obviously you had too much blood!
Purging was the other big thing - basically making you vomit or giving you severe diarrhoea through herbal mixtures. The theory was you'd flush out the bad humours. Lovely stuff.
When the Black Death hit in 1348, people tried everything. They blamed God's punishment, bad air from volcanoes, or strange planet alignments. Treatments included prayer, pomanders (herb bundles to ward off bad smells), popping the horrible buboes, and loads more bloodletting.
Prevention methods were equally desperate - self-flagellation, avoiding strangers, escaping to the countryside, and some places tried quarantine. The Church's influence was massive, promoting prayer and repentance as the main solutions.
Reality Check Most Black Death treatments made things worse, but people were desperate and working with limited medical knowledge from ancient Greek texts.
The Church absolutely dominated medieval medicine, and this explains why medical knowledge barely advanced for centuries. They loved Galen's ideas because they fitted with Christian beliefs about souls and God's plan, but they banned dissections because cutting up bodies was considered sinful.
Medical schools just taught ancient Galen's theories without question, and monks copied the same old textbooks over and over. No one dared challenge these ideas because the Church had such massive authority over education and daily life.
Technology and attitudes were completely different from today. Book learning was seen as more important than hands-on experience, everyone was deeply religious, and people accepted that God sent disease as punishment. The Regimen Sanitatis (health plans for the rich) focused on diet, exercise, and staying clean.
Medieval medicine was a weird mix of religious faith, ancient theories, and practical herbal knowledge. While local women did provide decent basic care, the lack of scientific method and Church restrictions meant real medical progress was virtually impossible.
Bottom Line Medieval medicine lasted so long because the Church backed ancient theories, banned scientific investigation, and people had no alternative explanations for illness.
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
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The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
Millie
@millie_rains
Medieval medicine was dominated by religious beliefs and ancient theories that hadn't been questioned for centuries. From 1250-1500, people believed illness came from God's punishment, bad air, or imbalanced body fluids called humours.
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Ever wondered why medieval people thought bad smells could kill you? Medieval folk had some pretty wild ideas about what made people sick! They blamed everything from God's punishment for sins to dodgy planet alignments and something called miasma - basically, any foul-smelling air was seen as deadly.
The Four Humours theory was massive back then. Created by Hippocrates and developed by Galen, it claimed your body had four fluids (blood, phlegm, yellow bile, black bile) that needed perfect balance. Too much of one? You'd get ill. Simple as that.
Medieval hospitals were run by monks and nuns and weren't really about curing people - they were more like religious hostels. By 1500, England had about 1,100 hospitals! But don't get excited - they rejected anyone infectious, pregnant, or mentally ill.
Key Point: Medieval hospitals focused on care over cure, offering prayer, rest, and basic food rather than actual medical treatment.
These hospitals were funded by the Church and mainly looked after pilgrims and the elderly. Treatment was basically prayer, warm food, and hope for the best!
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Think getting medical help today is confusing? Medieval times had four types of healers, and your social class determined who you could afford! Physicians were the posh option - expensive, university-trained, and obsessed with checking your wee and star charts rather than actually touching patients.
Apothecaries were like medieval chemists, mixing herbal remedies and sometimes dabbling in dodgy supernatural stuff like amulets. The Church wasn't keen on this magical side of their work, but people loved it.
Barber surgeons did the gory bits - pulling teeth, small operations, and bloodletting. Since physicians wouldn't get their hands dirty, barbers with sharp tools became the go-to for surgery. Some became seriously skilled through hands-on experience.
Local women treated most ordinary folk. They'd make herbal remedies, prepare restorative food, and provide basic care at home. They were well-respected and essential since most people couldn't afford fancy physicians.
Remember: Your medieval medical care depended entirely on your wallet - serfs got local women, merchants got apothecaries, and wealthy barons got physicians!
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Medieval treatments sound mental by today's standards, but they made perfect sense if you believed in the Four Humours! Bloodletting was everywhere - barber surgeons would cut veins, use leeches, or try cupping to rebalance your humours. Feeling sick? Obviously you had too much blood!
Purging was the other big thing - basically making you vomit or giving you severe diarrhoea through herbal mixtures. The theory was you'd flush out the bad humours. Lovely stuff.
When the Black Death hit in 1348, people tried everything. They blamed God's punishment, bad air from volcanoes, or strange planet alignments. Treatments included prayer, pomanders (herb bundles to ward off bad smells), popping the horrible buboes, and loads more bloodletting.
Prevention methods were equally desperate - self-flagellation, avoiding strangers, escaping to the countryside, and some places tried quarantine. The Church's influence was massive, promoting prayer and repentance as the main solutions.
Reality Check: Most Black Death treatments made things worse, but people were desperate and working with limited medical knowledge from ancient Greek texts.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
The Church absolutely dominated medieval medicine, and this explains why medical knowledge barely advanced for centuries. They loved Galen's ideas because they fitted with Christian beliefs about souls and God's plan, but they banned dissections because cutting up bodies was considered sinful.
Medical schools just taught ancient Galen's theories without question, and monks copied the same old textbooks over and over. No one dared challenge these ideas because the Church had such massive authority over education and daily life.
Technology and attitudes were completely different from today. Book learning was seen as more important than hands-on experience, everyone was deeply religious, and people accepted that God sent disease as punishment. The Regimen Sanitatis (health plans for the rich) focused on diet, exercise, and staying clean.
Medieval medicine was a weird mix of religious faith, ancient theories, and practical herbal knowledge. While local women did provide decent basic care, the lack of scientific method and Church restrictions meant real medical progress was virtually impossible.
Bottom Line: Medieval medicine lasted so long because the Church backed ancient theories, banned scientific investigation, and people had no alternative explanations for illness.
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
1
Smart Tools NEW
Transform this note into: ✓ 50+ Practice Questions ✓ Interactive Flashcards ✓ Full Mock Exam ✓ Essay Outlines
Quotes from every main character
English LiteratureApp Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
Sociology