Subjects
Maths
Chemistry
Biology
English Language
History
Responding to change (a2 only)
Infection and response
Homeostasis and response
Energy transfers (a2 only)
Cell biology
Organisms respond to changes in their internal and external environments (a-level only)
Biological molecules
Organisation
Substance exchange
Bioenergetics
Genetic information & variation
Inheritance, variation and evolution
Genetics & ecosystems (a2 only)
Ecology
Cells
Show all topics
Britain & the wider world: 1745 -1901
1l the quest for political stability: germany, 1871-1991
The cold war
Inter-war germany
Medieval period: 1066 -1509
2d religious conflict and the church in england, c1529-c1570
2o democracy and nazism: germany, 1918-1945
1f industrialisation and the people: britain, c1783-1885
1c the tudors: england, 1485-1603
2m wars and welfare: britain in transition, 1906-1957
World war two & the holocaust
2n revolution and dictatorship: russia, 1917-1953
2s the making of modern britain, 1951-2007
World war one
Britain: 1509 -1745
Show all topics
History
14 Dec 2025
919
4 pages
Beth @beth_yazm
Medicine has completely transformed over the centuries, from ancient Greek theories about bodily fluids to today's cutting-edge genetic... Show more
Ever wondered why doctors still take the Hippocratic Oath today? It all started with Hippocrates, a Greek physician born around 460 BC who promised doctors would do their best for patients and keep information confidential. He also developed the Theory of the Four Humours - blood, black bile, yellow bile, and phlegm - believing illness occurred when these were unbalanced.
Galen, a Roman doctor born in AD 129, built on this with his Theory of Opposites, treating illness by balancing humours with their opposites. As a surgeon, he explored human anatomy by dissecting pigs and monkeys instead of humans, discovering that the brain controls speech. However, his mistakes (like believing blood passed through tiny holes in the heart) were accepted by the Church because he referred to a creator.
Medieval society had different types of medical practitioners. Physicians trained for seven years at university studying ancient texts but were expensive and only diagnosed, not treated. Apothecaries passed knowledge through families and used natural remedies, while barber surgeons did bloodletting, tooth pulling, and basic surgery with minimal training.
Remember Medieval medicine was based on ancient theories rather than scientific observation, which limited medical progress for centuries.
The Renaissance changed everything - suddenly, questioning ancient authorities became acceptable! Andreas Vesalius revolutionised anatomy by actually dissecting human bodies (executed criminals, with a magistrate's permission). He discovered Galen's major errors the human jaw is one bone, not two, and the breastbone has three parts, not seven.
William Harvey completely transformed understanding of blood circulation. Inspired by watching firefighters use pumps, he realised the heart pumps blood around the body in one direction through veins and arteries. His experiments (including cutting dogs' throats to observe blood flow) proved Galen's liver-based blood theory wrong.
Thomas Sydenham, nicknamed the 'English Hippocrates', encouraged doctors to abandon ancient texts and use direct observation instead. He believed diseases were the same in all patients and could be identified through careful symptom recording. This approach helped him distinguish between scarlet fever and measles, and discover that cinchona bark (containing quinine) treated malaria.
Scientific instruments also advanced medicine. Robert Hooke developed microscope use, opening up the invisible world of microorganisms that would later prove crucial for understanding disease.
Key Point The Renaissance marked medicine's shift from blindly following ancient texts to conducting actual scientific observation and experimentation.
This era brought massive breakthroughs that actually started saving lives! Louis Pasteur developed Germ Theory - the revolutionary idea that microorganisms cause disease, not 'bad air' or unbalanced humours. He proved bacteria in the air made milk go off, arguing the same principle applied to human disease.
Edward Jenner pioneered vaccination after noticing milkmaids who caught cowpox never got smallpox. His risky experiment involved giving a healthy boy cowpox, then exposing him to smallpox - thankfully, the boy remained healthy! Meanwhile, James Simpson discovered chloroform as an effective anaesthetic, making surgery far less traumatic.
Disease prevention took a huge leap forward with John Snow's detective work during the 1854 cholera epidemic. By plotting deaths on a map, he proved most occurred near a specific water pump on Broad Street. Removing the pump handle stopped new cases, proving cholera was waterborne.
Joseph Lister developed carbolic acid as an antiseptic, dramatically reducing surgical infections. Florence Nightingale revolutionised nursing standards, emphasising cleanliness, ventilation, and proper observation. Robert Koch proved specific bacteria cause specific diseases by injecting healthy mice with anthrax bacteria.
Medical Revolution This period established that germs cause disease and cleanliness prevents infection - foundations of modern medicine.
Modern medicine has achieved what previous centuries could only dream of! Alexander Fleming's accidental discovery of penicillin in 1928 happened when mould contaminated his bacterial culture whilst he was on holiday. However, he never tested it on infected animals, so missed its life-saving potential.
Howard Florey and Ernest Chain at Oxford University recognised penicillin's importance in 1937. They developed mass production methods and tested it successfully on mice, then humans. During World War II, penicillin saved 15% of people with infected injuries, becoming the world's first antibiotic.
Paul Ehrlich developed 'magic bullets' - targeted treatments that attack specific diseases. His 606th attempt using arsenic successfully treated syphilis, showing that chemical compounds could target particular illnesses without harming healthy tissue.
The discovery of DNA's structure revolutionised medicine completely. Rosalind Franklin created crucial X-ray images (Photograph 51) of DNA, which James Watson and Francis Crick used to discover DNA's double helix structure in 1953. This breakthrough helps scientists understand genetic diseases like cystic fibrosis and Parkinson's disease, opening possibilities for gene therapy and personalised medicine.
Game Changer Understanding DNA's structure has launched the era of genetic medicine, potentially allowing us to cure diseases at their source.
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
18
Smart Tools NEW
Transform this note into: ✓ 50+ Practice Questions ✓ Interactive Flashcards ✓ Full Mock Exam ✓ Essay Outlines
Explore the groundbreaking contributions of Andreas Vesalius, William Harvey, and Thomas Sydenham to human anatomy and medicine. This summary highlights Vesalius's anatomical discoveries, Harvey's insights into blood circulation, and Sydenham's diagnostic advancements, providing essential knowledge for students of medical history.
HistoryExplore the devastating effects of chemical warfare in WWI, focusing on mustard gas, phosgene, and chlorine gas. Learn about the medical response, including the roles of the RAMC and FANY, and the establishment of regimental aid posts for immediate care. This summary provides essential insights into the horrors of war and the evolution of medical support on the battlefield.
HistoryQuotes from every main character
English LiteratureApp Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
Beth
@beth_yazm
Medicine has completely transformed over the centuries, from ancient Greek theories about bodily fluids to today's cutting-edge genetic research. Understanding this journey shows how scientific breakthroughs, brave individuals, and changing social attitudes have revolutionised healthcare and saved millions of lives.
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Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Ever wondered why doctors still take the Hippocratic Oath today? It all started with Hippocrates, a Greek physician born around 460 BC who promised doctors would do their best for patients and keep information confidential. He also developed the Theory of the Four Humours - blood, black bile, yellow bile, and phlegm - believing illness occurred when these were unbalanced.
Galen, a Roman doctor born in AD 129, built on this with his Theory of Opposites, treating illness by balancing humours with their opposites. As a surgeon, he explored human anatomy by dissecting pigs and monkeys instead of humans, discovering that the brain controls speech. However, his mistakes (like believing blood passed through tiny holes in the heart) were accepted by the Church because he referred to a creator.
Medieval society had different types of medical practitioners. Physicians trained for seven years at university studying ancient texts but were expensive and only diagnosed, not treated. Apothecaries passed knowledge through families and used natural remedies, while barber surgeons did bloodletting, tooth pulling, and basic surgery with minimal training.
Remember: Medieval medicine was based on ancient theories rather than scientific observation, which limited medical progress for centuries.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
The Renaissance changed everything - suddenly, questioning ancient authorities became acceptable! Andreas Vesalius revolutionised anatomy by actually dissecting human bodies (executed criminals, with a magistrate's permission). He discovered Galen's major errors: the human jaw is one bone, not two, and the breastbone has three parts, not seven.
William Harvey completely transformed understanding of blood circulation. Inspired by watching firefighters use pumps, he realised the heart pumps blood around the body in one direction through veins and arteries. His experiments (including cutting dogs' throats to observe blood flow) proved Galen's liver-based blood theory wrong.
Thomas Sydenham, nicknamed the 'English Hippocrates', encouraged doctors to abandon ancient texts and use direct observation instead. He believed diseases were the same in all patients and could be identified through careful symptom recording. This approach helped him distinguish between scarlet fever and measles, and discover that cinchona bark (containing quinine) treated malaria.
Scientific instruments also advanced medicine. Robert Hooke developed microscope use, opening up the invisible world of microorganisms that would later prove crucial for understanding disease.
Key Point: The Renaissance marked medicine's shift from blindly following ancient texts to conducting actual scientific observation and experimentation.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
This era brought massive breakthroughs that actually started saving lives! Louis Pasteur developed Germ Theory - the revolutionary idea that microorganisms cause disease, not 'bad air' or unbalanced humours. He proved bacteria in the air made milk go off, arguing the same principle applied to human disease.
Edward Jenner pioneered vaccination after noticing milkmaids who caught cowpox never got smallpox. His risky experiment involved giving a healthy boy cowpox, then exposing him to smallpox - thankfully, the boy remained healthy! Meanwhile, James Simpson discovered chloroform as an effective anaesthetic, making surgery far less traumatic.
Disease prevention took a huge leap forward with John Snow's detective work during the 1854 cholera epidemic. By plotting deaths on a map, he proved most occurred near a specific water pump on Broad Street. Removing the pump handle stopped new cases, proving cholera was waterborne.
Joseph Lister developed carbolic acid as an antiseptic, dramatically reducing surgical infections. Florence Nightingale revolutionised nursing standards, emphasising cleanliness, ventilation, and proper observation. Robert Koch proved specific bacteria cause specific diseases by injecting healthy mice with anthrax bacteria.
Medical Revolution: This period established that germs cause disease and cleanliness prevents infection - foundations of modern medicine.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Modern medicine has achieved what previous centuries could only dream of! Alexander Fleming's accidental discovery of penicillin in 1928 happened when mould contaminated his bacterial culture whilst he was on holiday. However, he never tested it on infected animals, so missed its life-saving potential.
Howard Florey and Ernest Chain at Oxford University recognised penicillin's importance in 1937. They developed mass production methods and tested it successfully on mice, then humans. During World War II, penicillin saved 15% of people with infected injuries, becoming the world's first antibiotic.
Paul Ehrlich developed 'magic bullets' - targeted treatments that attack specific diseases. His 606th attempt using arsenic successfully treated syphilis, showing that chemical compounds could target particular illnesses without harming healthy tissue.
The discovery of DNA's structure revolutionised medicine completely. Rosalind Franklin created crucial X-ray images (Photograph 51) of DNA, which James Watson and Francis Crick used to discover DNA's double helix structure in 1953. This breakthrough helps scientists understand genetic diseases like cystic fibrosis and Parkinson's disease, opening possibilities for gene therapy and personalised medicine.
Game Changer: Understanding DNA's structure has launched the era of genetic medicine, potentially allowing us to cure diseases at their source.
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
18
Smart Tools NEW
Transform this note into: ✓ 50+ Practice Questions ✓ Interactive Flashcards ✓ Full Mock Exam ✓ Essay Outlines
Explore the groundbreaking contributions of Andreas Vesalius, William Harvey, and Thomas Sydenham to human anatomy and medicine. This summary highlights Vesalius's anatomical discoveries, Harvey's insights into blood circulation, and Sydenham's diagnostic advancements, providing essential knowledge for students of medical history.
HistoryExplore the devastating effects of chemical warfare in WWI, focusing on mustard gas, phosgene, and chlorine gas. Learn about the medical response, including the roles of the RAMC and FANY, and the establishment of regimental aid posts for immediate care. This summary provides essential insights into the horrors of war and the evolution of medical support on the battlefield.
HistoryQuotes from every main character
English LiteratureApp Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
Sociology