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Part two: imperial retreat, 1914-1967 (a-level only)

India's Road to Independence: History, Key Events, and the Role in World Wars

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India's Road to Independence: History, Key Events, and the Role in World Wars
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Kareem Shah

@kareemshah_dgcd

·

5 Followers

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The journey of India's road to independence was a complex struggle spanning nearly 200 years, culminating in the historic event of India independence day (1947).

The Indian independence movement 1857 to 1947 began with early resistance against British colonial rule, marked by the Great Revolt of 1857. This period saw the emergence of influential organizations like the Indian National Congress and the All India Muslim League. The formation of Muslim League in 1906 under the leadership of Aga Khan III aimed to protect Muslim interests in British India. The League's first president was Nawab Salimullah Khan, and the organization played a crucial role in the eventual partition of India.

During World War I, India's role in First World War was significant, with over 1.3 million Indian soldiers participating in various campaigns. Indian soldiers in World War 1 served in Europe, Africa, and the Middle East, with many making the ultimate sacrifice. The British made various promises to India during this period, including greater self-governance, leading to the Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms. Similarly, during World War II, India contributed significantly to the Allied war effort, though this period also saw intensified demands for independence. The consequences of the partition of India in 1947 were far-reaching, resulting in one of the largest migrations in human history and the creation of two independent nations - India and Pakistan. The partition, implemented through the Indian Independence Act 1947, led to widespread communal violence and demographic changes that continue to influence South Asian politics today. The formation of the Indian Union Muslim League after independence represented the political interests of Muslims who chose to remain in India, demonstrating the complex religious and political dynamics that shaped the subcontinent's modern history.

The independence movement was characterized by various strategies, from non-violent resistance led by Mahatma Gandhi to more militant approaches. The period saw significant events like the Quit India Movement, the Royal Indian Navy Mutiny, and the Cabinet Mission Plan, all of which contributed to Britain's decision to grant independence. The legacy of this struggle continues to influence modern India's national identity and its relationship with neighboring countries.

16/02/2023

1821

<h2 id="indianmuslimleagueandindiaspoliticalproblem">Indian Muslim League and India's Political Problem</h2> <p>The main political problem

View

The Muslim League and India's Path to Independence

The indian independence movement 1857 to 1947 was significantly shaped by the formation of the Muslim League, a pivotal political organization representing Muslim interests. The League emerged from a fundamental challenge - Muslims were a minority in India, facing potential marginalization in a Hindu-majority democratic system. This demographic reality would impact every level of civic participation unless special protections were established.

The Indian Councils Act of 1909, also known as the Morley-Minto reforms, attempted to address these concerns by introducing separate electorates for Muslims and Hindus. The Act expanded Indian representation with 60 Indian representatives on the Viceroy's Executive Council, including 28 elected from territorial constituencies. While falling short of granting self-government, it increased Indian participation in local governance.

Definition: The Morley-Minto reforms established separate Muslim electorates - a system where Muslim voters could only vote for Muslim candidates, ensuring guaranteed Muslim representation.

The governmental structure of British India was highly hierarchical, with power flowing from the British Crown through various administrative levels. At the top sat the Queen-Empress (later King-Emperor), followed by Parliament and the Secretary of State for India. The Viceroy served as the Crown's representative in India, overseeing a complex network of governors, district officers, and local officials.

<h2 id="indianmuslimleagueandindiaspoliticalproblem">Indian Muslim League and India's Political Problem</h2> <p>The main political problem

View

India's Crucial Role in World War I

India's role in first world war wikipedia entries highlight the remarkable contribution of the subcontinent to the Allied war effort. When war broke out, Indian leaders including Bal Tilak and Mahatma Gandhi pledged their support to Britain. An impressive 827,000 Indians enlisted in the Army by 1918, with 64,000 making the ultimate sacrifice.

Highlight: 27 Indian princes demonstrated their loyalty by placing their armies at British disposal and creating a hospital ship named "Loyalty."

The stories of indian soldiers in world war 1 reveal both heroism and hardship. Indian troops first saw action in Marseilles in September 1914, with 28,500 soldiers from Lahore and Meerut divisions participating. The Battle of Ypres proved particularly costly - the 47th Sikhs lost over half their men, dropping from 764 to just 385 soldiers.

Indian forces fought across multiple fronts, including campaigns against Ottoman Turks in Iraq and Palestine. In total, 1.5 million Indians served in both combatant and non-combatant roles, surpassing all other imperial contributions to the war effort.

<h2 id="indianmuslimleagueandindiaspoliticalproblem">Indian Muslim League and India's Political Problem</h2> <p>The main political problem

View

The Human Cost of War: Indian Experiences

The war's impact on India extended far beyond the battlefield. The economic burden was immense, with India contributing £146 million to the war effort. Military expenditure soared, forcing a 16% increase in revenue demands from the Indian population.

Example: The war's economic effects on daily life included:

  • Severe food shortages and grain price increases of 93%
  • Fuel scarcities
  • Disrupted trade and exchange rates
  • Increased taxation
  • Widespread famine due to failed monsoons in 1918

These hardships led to food riots and civil unrest in 1918, revealing cracks in the British Raj's authority. However, these protests remained sporadic rather than organized resistance movements.

<h2 id="indianmuslimleagueandindiaspoliticalproblem">Indian Muslim League and India's Political Problem</h2> <p>The main political problem

View

Political Reforms and Restrictions

The 1917 Montagu Declaration marked a shift in British policy, promising some measure of self-governance to India, though without a specific timeline. However, the slow and complex administration of India resisted radical reform, and the changes fell short of nationalist demands.

The Defense of India Act of 1915 and subsequent Rowlatt Acts represented increased British control during wartime. These measures granted sweeping powers to the Viceroy, including:

  • Imprisonment without trial
  • Trials without juries
  • Press censorship
  • Authority to place individuals under house arrest

Quote: "The reforms fell short of satisfying the grievances and legitimate demands of Indian nationalists. The Viceroy still had vast powers to undermine the effectiveness of the legislatures."

These restrictions would later fuel the growing independence movement and shape the path toward india independence day (1947).

<h2 id="indianmuslimleagueandindiaspoliticalproblem">Indian Muslim League and India's Political Problem</h2> <p>The main political problem

View

The Path to Indian Independence: Key Events 1905-1920

The indian independence movement 1857 to 1947 saw several pivotal developments that shaped India's struggle for freedom. The 1919 Rowlatt Acts, opposed by all 22 Indian Legislative Council members, sparked widespread protests and led to Muhammad Ali Jinnah's resignation. These controversial laws allowed indefinite detention without trial, severely restricting civil liberties.

Definition: Hartal - A form of protest involving the voluntary closure of shops and businesses as an expression of grievance or political demonstration.

The Amritsar Massacre of 1919 marked a turning point in India's road to independence history. On April 13, 1919, British troops under General Dyer opened fire on approximately 20,000 unarmed civilians gathered at Jallianwala Bagh during Vaisakhi celebrations. The brutal attack, lasting 15 minutes with 1,650 rounds fired, resulted in hundreds of deaths and injuries. This event crystallized anti-British sentiment and accelerated the independence movement.

Highlight: The Hunter Commission investigation concluded there was no conspiracy to overthrow British rule, yet General Dyer remained unrepentant about his actions, claiming he wanted to teach Punjabis a lesson in obedience.

<h2 id="indianmuslimleagueandindiaspoliticalproblem">Indian Muslim League and India's Political Problem</h2> <p>The main political problem

View

Constitutional Reforms and Political Developments

The Government of India Act 1919 introduced dyarchy - a system of dual governance between Indians and British authorities. While Indians gained some control over education, health, and agriculture, the British retained power over crucial areas like military, foreign affairs, and criminal law. This period saw significant cooperation between the Indian National Congress and the All India Muslim League.

Example: The Lucknow Pact of 1915 demonstrated Hindu-Muslim unity, with both parties agreeing on separate electorates and increased representation. This agreement strengthened the Congress and temporarily bridged communal divisions.

The Home Rule movement gained momentum in 1916, with Bal Tilak's league attracting 32,000 members. While not advocating complete separation from the British Empire, it sought self-governance in domestic affairs. This movement laid the groundwork for Gandhi's later non-violent resistance campaigns.

<h2 id="indianmuslimleagueandindiaspoliticalproblem">Indian Muslim League and India's Political Problem</h2> <p>The main political problem

View

Gandhi's Rise and Non-Violent Resistance

Mahatma Gandhi emerged as a transformative leader through his philosophy of satyagraha (non-violent resistance) and connection with common people. His adoption of simple living - wearing traditional dhoti, eating vegetarian food, and spinning khadi - resonated deeply with the masses.

Quote: "Truth and non-violence are as old as the hills." - Mahatma Gandhi

Three key events shaped Gandhi's push for swaraj (self-rule):

  • The implementation of the Rowlatt Acts
  • The Amritsar Massacre and its British support
  • The dissolution of the Ottoman Empire affecting Indian Muslims
<h2 id="indianmuslimleagueandindiaspoliticalproblem">Indian Muslim League and India's Political Problem</h2> <p>The main political problem

View

The Non-Cooperation Movement

The Non-Cooperation Movement marked a new phase in India's road to independence significance. Gandhi's strategy included:

  • Boycotting British institutions and goods
  • Returning government titles
  • Refusing to pay taxes
  • Promoting indigenous products

Vocabulary: Swaraj - Self-rule or self-governance, a key concept in India's independence movement

The movement gained widespread support, with students boycotting educational institutions and citizens refusing to pay taxes. This mass mobilization demonstrated the effectiveness of non-violent protest in challenging British authority and united diverse segments of Indian society in the struggle for independence.

<h2 id="indianmuslimleagueandindiaspoliticalproblem">Indian Muslim League and India's Political Problem</h2> <p>The main political problem

View

The Rise of Civil Disobedience and Congress Evolution (1920-1924)

The indian independence movement 1857 to 1947 took a dramatic turn in 1920 when civil disobedience reached new heights. Qualified voters boycotted elections, and lawyers abandoned their practices in protest against British rule. During the Duke's visit to Calcutta, the city came to a standstill as shops closed and citizens refused to participate in official events, demonstrating the growing strength of passive resistance.

Highlight: The Non-Cooperation Movement gained momentum when Bombay declared a hartal (strike) during the Prince of Wales's visit, leading to widespread civil unrest and exposing deep communal tensions.

The period witnessed several violent incidents that shaped India's road to independence history. In Malabar, the Moplah uprising saw Muslim peasants declaring jihad against British authorities and local landlords, resulting in forced conversions and casualties across religious communities. Punjab experienced religious tensions as Hindus forced Muslims into purification rituals, sometimes with tragic consequences. The movement faced a critical moment in 1922 when Congress supporters burned a police station in Gorakhpur, resulting in 22 deaths.

These events prompted Mahatma Gandhi, whose leadership was central to India's road to independence significance, to withdraw to his ashram for meditation and redirect his focus toward social welfare campaigns. His imprisonment in 1922 marked a turning point in the independence movement. Upon his release in 1924, Congress underwent significant transformation under the leadership of Motilal Nehru and C.R. Das, who adopted a more pragmatic approach by participating in elections under the Government of India Act 1919.

<h2 id="indianmuslimleagueandindiaspoliticalproblem">Indian Muslim League and India's Political Problem</h2> <p>The main political problem

View

Congress Transformation and Community Engagement (1924)

The Congress party's evolution during this period reflected the changing dynamics of the indian independence movement 1857 to 1947. Membership grew dramatically from 100,000 to two million, though this growth came with challenges. Muslim participation declined significantly following Gandhi's perceived failure to support the Ottoman Empire, highlighting the complex religious dynamics that would later influence the partition of india.

Definition: Swaraj (self-rule) became the central goal of Congress, which increasingly focused on addressing local grievances while maintaining its broader national objectives.

The British Raj responded to these developments by making strategic concessions, including support for public health initiatives like inoculation and vaccination campaigns against cholera and smallpox. This period marked a crucial phase in India's road to independence summary, as Congress expanded its influence through two primary strategies: geographical expansion and deeper community engagement.

Example: Congress's success in local assemblies demonstrated how the movement effectively balanced grassroots activism with formal political participation, setting the stage for future independence struggles.

The transformation of Congress during this period laid the groundwork for its eventual role in securing independence. By addressing both local concerns and national aspirations, the party established itself as the primary vehicle for Indian self-determination, though religious divisions would continue to pose significant challenges to unity in the independence movement.

Can't find what you're looking for? Explore other subjects.

Knowunity is the #1 education app in five European countries

Knowunity has been named a featured story on Apple and has regularly topped the app store charts in the education category in Germany, Italy, Poland, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom. Join Knowunity today and help millions of students around the world.

Ranked #1 Education App

Download in

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Download in

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Knowunity is the #1 education app in five European countries

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#1

In education app charts in 12 countries

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Students have uploaded notes

Still not convinced? See what other students are saying...

iOS User

I love this app so much, I also use it daily. I recommend Knowunity to everyone!!! I went from a D to an A with it :D

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The app is very simple and well designed. So far I have always found everything I was looking for :D

Lena, iOS user

I love this app ❤️ I actually use it every time I study.

Subjects

/

History

/

1j the british empire, c1857-1967

/

Part two: imperial retreat, 1914-1967 (a-level only)

India's Road to Independence: History, Key Events, and the Role in World Wars

user profile picture

Kareem Shah

@kareemshah_dgcd

·

5 Followers

Follow

The journey of India's road to independence was a complex struggle spanning nearly 200 years, culminating in the historic event of India independence day (1947).

The Indian independence movement 1857 to 1947 began with early resistance against British colonial rule, marked by the Great Revolt of 1857. This period saw the emergence of influential organizations like the Indian National Congress and the All India Muslim League. The formation of Muslim League in 1906 under the leadership of Aga Khan III aimed to protect Muslim interests in British India. The League's first president was Nawab Salimullah Khan, and the organization played a crucial role in the eventual partition of India.

During World War I, India's role in First World War was significant, with over 1.3 million Indian soldiers participating in various campaigns. Indian soldiers in World War 1 served in Europe, Africa, and the Middle East, with many making the ultimate sacrifice. The British made various promises to India during this period, including greater self-governance, leading to the Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms. Similarly, during World War II, India contributed significantly to the Allied war effort, though this period also saw intensified demands for independence. The consequences of the partition of India in 1947 were far-reaching, resulting in one of the largest migrations in human history and the creation of two independent nations - India and Pakistan. The partition, implemented through the Indian Independence Act 1947, led to widespread communal violence and demographic changes that continue to influence South Asian politics today. The formation of the Indian Union Muslim League after independence represented the political interests of Muslims who chose to remain in India, demonstrating the complex religious and political dynamics that shaped the subcontinent's modern history.

The independence movement was characterized by various strategies, from non-violent resistance led by Mahatma Gandhi to more militant approaches. The period saw significant events like the Quit India Movement, the Royal Indian Navy Mutiny, and the Cabinet Mission Plan, all of which contributed to Britain's decision to grant independence. The legacy of this struggle continues to influence modern India's national identity and its relationship with neighboring countries.

16/02/2023

1821

 

12/13

 

History

57

<h2 id="indianmuslimleagueandindiaspoliticalproblem">Indian Muslim League and India's Political Problem</h2> <p>The main political problem

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The Muslim League and India's Path to Independence

The indian independence movement 1857 to 1947 was significantly shaped by the formation of the Muslim League, a pivotal political organization representing Muslim interests. The League emerged from a fundamental challenge - Muslims were a minority in India, facing potential marginalization in a Hindu-majority democratic system. This demographic reality would impact every level of civic participation unless special protections were established.

The Indian Councils Act of 1909, also known as the Morley-Minto reforms, attempted to address these concerns by introducing separate electorates for Muslims and Hindus. The Act expanded Indian representation with 60 Indian representatives on the Viceroy's Executive Council, including 28 elected from territorial constituencies. While falling short of granting self-government, it increased Indian participation in local governance.

Definition: The Morley-Minto reforms established separate Muslim electorates - a system where Muslim voters could only vote for Muslim candidates, ensuring guaranteed Muslim representation.

The governmental structure of British India was highly hierarchical, with power flowing from the British Crown through various administrative levels. At the top sat the Queen-Empress (later King-Emperor), followed by Parliament and the Secretary of State for India. The Viceroy served as the Crown's representative in India, overseeing a complex network of governors, district officers, and local officials.

<h2 id="indianmuslimleagueandindiaspoliticalproblem">Indian Muslim League and India's Political Problem</h2> <p>The main political problem

Sign up to see the content. It's free!

Access to all documents

Improve your grades

Join milions of students

By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy

India's Crucial Role in World War I

India's role in first world war wikipedia entries highlight the remarkable contribution of the subcontinent to the Allied war effort. When war broke out, Indian leaders including Bal Tilak and Mahatma Gandhi pledged their support to Britain. An impressive 827,000 Indians enlisted in the Army by 1918, with 64,000 making the ultimate sacrifice.

Highlight: 27 Indian princes demonstrated their loyalty by placing their armies at British disposal and creating a hospital ship named "Loyalty."

The stories of indian soldiers in world war 1 reveal both heroism and hardship. Indian troops first saw action in Marseilles in September 1914, with 28,500 soldiers from Lahore and Meerut divisions participating. The Battle of Ypres proved particularly costly - the 47th Sikhs lost over half their men, dropping from 764 to just 385 soldiers.

Indian forces fought across multiple fronts, including campaigns against Ottoman Turks in Iraq and Palestine. In total, 1.5 million Indians served in both combatant and non-combatant roles, surpassing all other imperial contributions to the war effort.

<h2 id="indianmuslimleagueandindiaspoliticalproblem">Indian Muslim League and India's Political Problem</h2> <p>The main political problem

Sign up to see the content. It's free!

Access to all documents

Improve your grades

Join milions of students

By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy

The Human Cost of War: Indian Experiences

The war's impact on India extended far beyond the battlefield. The economic burden was immense, with India contributing £146 million to the war effort. Military expenditure soared, forcing a 16% increase in revenue demands from the Indian population.

Example: The war's economic effects on daily life included:

  • Severe food shortages and grain price increases of 93%
  • Fuel scarcities
  • Disrupted trade and exchange rates
  • Increased taxation
  • Widespread famine due to failed monsoons in 1918

These hardships led to food riots and civil unrest in 1918, revealing cracks in the British Raj's authority. However, these protests remained sporadic rather than organized resistance movements.

<h2 id="indianmuslimleagueandindiaspoliticalproblem">Indian Muslim League and India's Political Problem</h2> <p>The main political problem

Sign up to see the content. It's free!

Access to all documents

Improve your grades

Join milions of students

By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy

Political Reforms and Restrictions

The 1917 Montagu Declaration marked a shift in British policy, promising some measure of self-governance to India, though without a specific timeline. However, the slow and complex administration of India resisted radical reform, and the changes fell short of nationalist demands.

The Defense of India Act of 1915 and subsequent Rowlatt Acts represented increased British control during wartime. These measures granted sweeping powers to the Viceroy, including:

  • Imprisonment without trial
  • Trials without juries
  • Press censorship
  • Authority to place individuals under house arrest

Quote: "The reforms fell short of satisfying the grievances and legitimate demands of Indian nationalists. The Viceroy still had vast powers to undermine the effectiveness of the legislatures."

These restrictions would later fuel the growing independence movement and shape the path toward india independence day (1947).

<h2 id="indianmuslimleagueandindiaspoliticalproblem">Indian Muslim League and India's Political Problem</h2> <p>The main political problem

Sign up to see the content. It's free!

Access to all documents

Improve your grades

Join milions of students

By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy

The Path to Indian Independence: Key Events 1905-1920

The indian independence movement 1857 to 1947 saw several pivotal developments that shaped India's struggle for freedom. The 1919 Rowlatt Acts, opposed by all 22 Indian Legislative Council members, sparked widespread protests and led to Muhammad Ali Jinnah's resignation. These controversial laws allowed indefinite detention without trial, severely restricting civil liberties.

Definition: Hartal - A form of protest involving the voluntary closure of shops and businesses as an expression of grievance or political demonstration.

The Amritsar Massacre of 1919 marked a turning point in India's road to independence history. On April 13, 1919, British troops under General Dyer opened fire on approximately 20,000 unarmed civilians gathered at Jallianwala Bagh during Vaisakhi celebrations. The brutal attack, lasting 15 minutes with 1,650 rounds fired, resulted in hundreds of deaths and injuries. This event crystallized anti-British sentiment and accelerated the independence movement.

Highlight: The Hunter Commission investigation concluded there was no conspiracy to overthrow British rule, yet General Dyer remained unrepentant about his actions, claiming he wanted to teach Punjabis a lesson in obedience.

<h2 id="indianmuslimleagueandindiaspoliticalproblem">Indian Muslim League and India's Political Problem</h2> <p>The main political problem

Sign up to see the content. It's free!

Access to all documents

Improve your grades

Join milions of students

By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy

Constitutional Reforms and Political Developments

The Government of India Act 1919 introduced dyarchy - a system of dual governance between Indians and British authorities. While Indians gained some control over education, health, and agriculture, the British retained power over crucial areas like military, foreign affairs, and criminal law. This period saw significant cooperation between the Indian National Congress and the All India Muslim League.

Example: The Lucknow Pact of 1915 demonstrated Hindu-Muslim unity, with both parties agreeing on separate electorates and increased representation. This agreement strengthened the Congress and temporarily bridged communal divisions.

The Home Rule movement gained momentum in 1916, with Bal Tilak's league attracting 32,000 members. While not advocating complete separation from the British Empire, it sought self-governance in domestic affairs. This movement laid the groundwork for Gandhi's later non-violent resistance campaigns.

<h2 id="indianmuslimleagueandindiaspoliticalproblem">Indian Muslim League and India's Political Problem</h2> <p>The main political problem

Sign up to see the content. It's free!

Access to all documents

Improve your grades

Join milions of students

By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy

Gandhi's Rise and Non-Violent Resistance

Mahatma Gandhi emerged as a transformative leader through his philosophy of satyagraha (non-violent resistance) and connection with common people. His adoption of simple living - wearing traditional dhoti, eating vegetarian food, and spinning khadi - resonated deeply with the masses.

Quote: "Truth and non-violence are as old as the hills." - Mahatma Gandhi

Three key events shaped Gandhi's push for swaraj (self-rule):

  • The implementation of the Rowlatt Acts
  • The Amritsar Massacre and its British support
  • The dissolution of the Ottoman Empire affecting Indian Muslims
<h2 id="indianmuslimleagueandindiaspoliticalproblem">Indian Muslim League and India's Political Problem</h2> <p>The main political problem

Sign up to see the content. It's free!

Access to all documents

Improve your grades

Join milions of students

By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy

The Non-Cooperation Movement

The Non-Cooperation Movement marked a new phase in India's road to independence significance. Gandhi's strategy included:

  • Boycotting British institutions and goods
  • Returning government titles
  • Refusing to pay taxes
  • Promoting indigenous products

Vocabulary: Swaraj - Self-rule or self-governance, a key concept in India's independence movement

The movement gained widespread support, with students boycotting educational institutions and citizens refusing to pay taxes. This mass mobilization demonstrated the effectiveness of non-violent protest in challenging British authority and united diverse segments of Indian society in the struggle for independence.

<h2 id="indianmuslimleagueandindiaspoliticalproblem">Indian Muslim League and India's Political Problem</h2> <p>The main political problem

Sign up to see the content. It's free!

Access to all documents

Improve your grades

Join milions of students

By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy

The Rise of Civil Disobedience and Congress Evolution (1920-1924)

The indian independence movement 1857 to 1947 took a dramatic turn in 1920 when civil disobedience reached new heights. Qualified voters boycotted elections, and lawyers abandoned their practices in protest against British rule. During the Duke's visit to Calcutta, the city came to a standstill as shops closed and citizens refused to participate in official events, demonstrating the growing strength of passive resistance.

Highlight: The Non-Cooperation Movement gained momentum when Bombay declared a hartal (strike) during the Prince of Wales's visit, leading to widespread civil unrest and exposing deep communal tensions.

The period witnessed several violent incidents that shaped India's road to independence history. In Malabar, the Moplah uprising saw Muslim peasants declaring jihad against British authorities and local landlords, resulting in forced conversions and casualties across religious communities. Punjab experienced religious tensions as Hindus forced Muslims into purification rituals, sometimes with tragic consequences. The movement faced a critical moment in 1922 when Congress supporters burned a police station in Gorakhpur, resulting in 22 deaths.

These events prompted Mahatma Gandhi, whose leadership was central to India's road to independence significance, to withdraw to his ashram for meditation and redirect his focus toward social welfare campaigns. His imprisonment in 1922 marked a turning point in the independence movement. Upon his release in 1924, Congress underwent significant transformation under the leadership of Motilal Nehru and C.R. Das, who adopted a more pragmatic approach by participating in elections under the Government of India Act 1919.

<h2 id="indianmuslimleagueandindiaspoliticalproblem">Indian Muslim League and India's Political Problem</h2> <p>The main political problem

Sign up to see the content. It's free!

Access to all documents

Improve your grades

Join milions of students

By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy

Congress Transformation and Community Engagement (1924)

The Congress party's evolution during this period reflected the changing dynamics of the indian independence movement 1857 to 1947. Membership grew dramatically from 100,000 to two million, though this growth came with challenges. Muslim participation declined significantly following Gandhi's perceived failure to support the Ottoman Empire, highlighting the complex religious dynamics that would later influence the partition of india.

Definition: Swaraj (self-rule) became the central goal of Congress, which increasingly focused on addressing local grievances while maintaining its broader national objectives.

The British Raj responded to these developments by making strategic concessions, including support for public health initiatives like inoculation and vaccination campaigns against cholera and smallpox. This period marked a crucial phase in India's road to independence summary, as Congress expanded its influence through two primary strategies: geographical expansion and deeper community engagement.

Example: Congress's success in local assemblies demonstrated how the movement effectively balanced grassroots activism with formal political participation, setting the stage for future independence struggles.

The transformation of Congress during this period laid the groundwork for its eventual role in securing independence. By addressing both local concerns and national aspirations, the party established itself as the primary vehicle for Indian self-determination, though religious divisions would continue to pose significant challenges to unity in the independence movement.

Can't find what you're looking for? Explore other subjects.

Knowunity is the #1 education app in five European countries

Knowunity has been named a featured story on Apple and has regularly topped the app store charts in the education category in Germany, Italy, Poland, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom. Join Knowunity today and help millions of students around the world.

Ranked #1 Education App

Download in

Google Play

Download in

App Store

Knowunity is the #1 education app in five European countries

4.9+

Average app rating

15 M

Pupils love Knowunity

#1

In education app charts in 12 countries

950 K+

Students have uploaded notes

Still not convinced? See what other students are saying...

iOS User

I love this app so much, I also use it daily. I recommend Knowunity to everyone!!! I went from a D to an A with it :D

Philip, iOS User

The app is very simple and well designed. So far I have always found everything I was looking for :D

Lena, iOS user

I love this app ❤️ I actually use it every time I study.