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Maths
Chemistry
Biology
English Language
History
Responding to change (a2 only)
Infection and response
Homeostasis and response
Energy transfers (a2 only)
Cell biology
Organisms respond to changes in their internal and external environments (a-level only)
Biological molecules
Organisation
Substance exchange
Bioenergetics
Genetic information & variation
Inheritance, variation and evolution
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Britain & the wider world: 1745 -1901
1l the quest for political stability: germany, 1871-1991
The cold war
Inter-war germany
Medieval period: 1066 -1509
2d religious conflict and the church in england, c1529-c1570
2o democracy and nazism: germany, 1918-1945
1f industrialisation and the people: britain, c1783-1885
1c the tudors: england, 1485-1603
2m wars and welfare: britain in transition, 1906-1957
World war two & the holocaust
2n revolution and dictatorship: russia, 1917-1953
2s the making of modern britain, 1951-2007
World war one
Britain: 1509 -1745
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History
12 Dec 2025
363
3 pages
Mary-Jane Williams @alevelrevisionresources
The British economy underwent significant changes during the period 1625-1688, marked by shifts in population, agriculture, trade, and... Show more
Britain's economy in the mid-17th century experienced profound changes in key sectors. The textile industry expanded dramatically, with export values jumping from £600,000 in the 16th century to £1.5 million by the 1660s. This shift represented a move from low-quality cloth to high-quality textiles for both domestic and international markets.
The industry itself diversified significantly, with cloth exports decreasing from 92% of total exports in 1640 to 74% by 1660. Places like Norwich and Colchester developed "new draperies" with help from Dutch immigrants who trained local workers in continental methods. In Colchester alone, textile employment grew from 25% to 40% of the workforce by century's end.
Communication networks improved throughout the country, enabling greater specialisation in production. While markets in towns remained important, shops offering diverse goods appeared across Britain by 1688, making products more widely available than in 1625.
Did you know? The arrival of around 1,300 Dutch immigrants by 1685 significantly boosted Britain's textile industry by introducing new manufacturing techniques that local workers could adopt.
Although agricultural changes were somewhat limited compared to later periods, the development of national markets for agricultural produce helped transform the overall economy. These changes in farming and textiles provided Britain with more robust and profitable sources of income through exports, signaling a genuine economic transformation.
Britain's international trade expanded dramatically during this period. The East India Company brought the first saltpetre shipment from India in 1626, which was then re-exported to continental Europe. Pepper sales by the company began in 1627, marking the start of profitable trade with the East.
The Navigation Acts passed in 1660-1663 limited trade between England and its colonies to English (or colonial) shipping. This legislation aimed to break Dutch trade monopolies and boost English commerce, though some aspects of international trade remained limited. The triangular slave trade, which would later become enormously profitable, was only beginning to develop by 1688.
London's growth was particularly transformative for the economy. By 1688, it had become the main centre for overseas trade due to its excellent port facilities. Banking and insurance services expanded significantly, with the first money-scrivening (early banking) firm established in 1636 by Robert Abbott. Between 1652 and 1655 alone, over £1.1 million passed through Abbott's accounts.
Important insight The development of marine insurance in London was crucial for economic growth - by 1657, even Dutch merchants were being insured by English brokers, showing London's growing financial dominance.
While London thrived, growth in other British towns and cities remained gradual, with many continuing to simply support their local rural economies. Despite this limitation, London's population growth increased demand for agricultural products throughout the country, creating economic ripple effects nationwide.
The British economy from 1625-1688 experienced genuine transformation through several interconnected developments. The widespread impact of mercantilism and the East India Company boosted both textile industries and agriculture. London's population boom directly increased demand for agricultural goods throughout the country.
Banking and insurance services emerged as vital components of Britain's economic infrastructure. Marine insurance became particularly significant, with London becoming an insurance hub that even Dutch merchants relied upon. These financial innovations provided stability that supported further economic growth.
Despite some limitations—such as the relatively small scale of the slave trade during this period and the limited growth of towns outside London—the overall economic changes were substantial. The diversification of industries, expansion of international trade, and development of financial services collectively transformed Britain's economic foundation.
Test preparation tip When evaluating this period, remember to balance the significant changes (textile diversification, London's growth, and international trade expansion) against the limitations (rural nature of the economy and lack of industrial revolution).
By 1688, Britain had developed a more robust and diverse economy than existed in 1625, with stronger international connections, more sophisticated financial systems, and a greater range of products and services. These changes laid important groundwork for the more dramatic transformations that would follow in subsequent centuries.
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
4
Smart Tools NEW
Transform this note into: ✓ 50+ Practice Questions ✓ Interactive Flashcards ✓ Full Mock Exam ✓ Essay Outlines
Explore the significant influence of Scottish emigrants on the British Empire from 1830 to 1939. This summary covers their roles in Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and India, highlighting economic contributions, cultural exchanges, and complex relationships with indigenous populations. Key topics include the establishment of educational institutions, agricultural advancements, and the impact of Scots on local societies. Ideal for students studying migration patterns and colonial history.
HistoryExplore the multifaceted effects of the British Empire on Scotland, including economic growth, job creation, and the emergence of a multicultural society. This summary covers both positive and negative impacts, such as sectarian rivalries and dependency on exports, alongside the challenges faced by Scots in new lands. Ideal for students preparing for history exams or seeking to understand migration and empire dynamics.
HistoryExplore the role of London's growth in shaping the British economy from 1625 to 1688. This analysis covers key factors such as agricultural advancements, the textile industry's expansion, and the effects of imperial expansion and mercantilism. Ideal for students studying the economic transformations during this pivotal period in British history.
HistoryExplore key sociological theories including Functionalism, Marxism, Feminism, and Interpretivism. This summary highlights the Enlightenment Project's impact on sociology, the evolution of social structures, and the role of scientific methods in understanding society. Ideal for students seeking to grasp foundational concepts in sociology and their applications in addressing social issues.
HistoryExplore the profound effects of migration and the British Empire on Scotland's economy, culture, and society. This summary covers key diasporic communities, including the Irish, Italians, Jews, and Lithuanians, and their contributions to Scottish identity, labor movements, and multiculturalism. Understand how these migrations shaped industries, education, and social dynamics in Scotland.
HistoryExplore the shifting attitudes towards immigration in 1920s America, focusing on the roles of racism, social fears, and economic concerns. This essay analyzes how social fears, particularly regarding housing and crime, were the primary drivers of changing perceptions, while also addressing the influence of the KKK and fears of revolution. Ideal for higher history students seeking to understand the complexities of immigration policy during this era.
HistoryQuotes from every main character
English LiteratureApp Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
Mary-Jane Williams
@alevelrevisionresources
The British economy underwent significant changes during the period 1625-1688, marked by shifts in population, agriculture, trade, and the rise of London as an economic powerhouse. These transformations reshaped Britain's economic landscape, though some developments were limited in scope compared... Show more
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Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Britain's economy in the mid-17th century experienced profound changes in key sectors. The textile industry expanded dramatically, with export values jumping from £600,000 in the 16th century to £1.5 million by the 1660s. This shift represented a move from low-quality cloth to high-quality textiles for both domestic and international markets.
The industry itself diversified significantly, with cloth exports decreasing from 92% of total exports in 1640 to 74% by 1660. Places like Norwich and Colchester developed "new draperies" with help from Dutch immigrants who trained local workers in continental methods. In Colchester alone, textile employment grew from 25% to 40% of the workforce by century's end.
Communication networks improved throughout the country, enabling greater specialisation in production. While markets in towns remained important, shops offering diverse goods appeared across Britain by 1688, making products more widely available than in 1625.
Did you know? The arrival of around 1,300 Dutch immigrants by 1685 significantly boosted Britain's textile industry by introducing new manufacturing techniques that local workers could adopt.
Although agricultural changes were somewhat limited compared to later periods, the development of national markets for agricultural produce helped transform the overall economy. These changes in farming and textiles provided Britain with more robust and profitable sources of income through exports, signaling a genuine economic transformation.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Britain's international trade expanded dramatically during this period. The East India Company brought the first saltpetre shipment from India in 1626, which was then re-exported to continental Europe. Pepper sales by the company began in 1627, marking the start of profitable trade with the East.
The Navigation Acts passed in 1660-1663 limited trade between England and its colonies to English (or colonial) shipping. This legislation aimed to break Dutch trade monopolies and boost English commerce, though some aspects of international trade remained limited. The triangular slave trade, which would later become enormously profitable, was only beginning to develop by 1688.
London's growth was particularly transformative for the economy. By 1688, it had become the main centre for overseas trade due to its excellent port facilities. Banking and insurance services expanded significantly, with the first money-scrivening (early banking) firm established in 1636 by Robert Abbott. Between 1652 and 1655 alone, over £1.1 million passed through Abbott's accounts.
Important insight: The development of marine insurance in London was crucial for economic growth - by 1657, even Dutch merchants were being insured by English brokers, showing London's growing financial dominance.
While London thrived, growth in other British towns and cities remained gradual, with many continuing to simply support their local rural economies. Despite this limitation, London's population growth increased demand for agricultural products throughout the country, creating economic ripple effects nationwide.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
The British economy from 1625-1688 experienced genuine transformation through several interconnected developments. The widespread impact of mercantilism and the East India Company boosted both textile industries and agriculture. London's population boom directly increased demand for agricultural goods throughout the country.
Banking and insurance services emerged as vital components of Britain's economic infrastructure. Marine insurance became particularly significant, with London becoming an insurance hub that even Dutch merchants relied upon. These financial innovations provided stability that supported further economic growth.
Despite some limitations—such as the relatively small scale of the slave trade during this period and the limited growth of towns outside London—the overall economic changes were substantial. The diversification of industries, expansion of international trade, and development of financial services collectively transformed Britain's economic foundation.
Test preparation tip: When evaluating this period, remember to balance the significant changes (textile diversification, London's growth, and international trade expansion) against the limitations (rural nature of the economy and lack of industrial revolution).
By 1688, Britain had developed a more robust and diverse economy than existed in 1625, with stronger international connections, more sophisticated financial systems, and a greater range of products and services. These changes laid important groundwork for the more dramatic transformations that would follow in subsequent centuries.
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
4
Smart Tools NEW
Transform this note into: ✓ 50+ Practice Questions ✓ Interactive Flashcards ✓ Full Mock Exam ✓ Essay Outlines
Explore the significant influence of Scottish emigrants on the British Empire from 1830 to 1939. This summary covers their roles in Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and India, highlighting economic contributions, cultural exchanges, and complex relationships with indigenous populations. Key topics include the establishment of educational institutions, agricultural advancements, and the impact of Scots on local societies. Ideal for students studying migration patterns and colonial history.
HistoryExplore the multifaceted effects of the British Empire on Scotland, including economic growth, job creation, and the emergence of a multicultural society. This summary covers both positive and negative impacts, such as sectarian rivalries and dependency on exports, alongside the challenges faced by Scots in new lands. Ideal for students preparing for history exams or seeking to understand migration and empire dynamics.
HistoryExplore the role of London's growth in shaping the British economy from 1625 to 1688. This analysis covers key factors such as agricultural advancements, the textile industry's expansion, and the effects of imperial expansion and mercantilism. Ideal for students studying the economic transformations during this pivotal period in British history.
HistoryExplore key sociological theories including Functionalism, Marxism, Feminism, and Interpretivism. This summary highlights the Enlightenment Project's impact on sociology, the evolution of social structures, and the role of scientific methods in understanding society. Ideal for students seeking to grasp foundational concepts in sociology and their applications in addressing social issues.
HistoryExplore the profound effects of migration and the British Empire on Scotland's economy, culture, and society. This summary covers key diasporic communities, including the Irish, Italians, Jews, and Lithuanians, and their contributions to Scottish identity, labor movements, and multiculturalism. Understand how these migrations shaped industries, education, and social dynamics in Scotland.
HistoryExplore the shifting attitudes towards immigration in 1920s America, focusing on the roles of racism, social fears, and economic concerns. This essay analyzes how social fears, particularly regarding housing and crime, were the primary drivers of changing perceptions, while also addressing the influence of the KKK and fears of revolution. Ideal for higher history students seeking to understand the complexities of immigration policy during this era.
HistoryQuotes from every main character
English LiteratureApp Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
Sociology