Maths
Chemistry
Biology
English Language
History
Responding to change (a2 only)
Infection and response
Homeostasis and response
Energy transfers (a2 only)
Cell biology
Organisms respond to changes in their internal and external environments (a-level only)
Biological molecules
Organisation
Substance exchange
Bioenergetics
Genetic information & variation
Inheritance, variation and evolution
Genetics & ecosystems (a2 only)
Ecology
Cells
Show all topics
Britain & the wider world: 1745 -1901
1l the quest for political stability: germany, 1871-1991
The cold war
Inter-war germany
Medieval period: 1066 -1509
2d religious conflict and the church in england, c1529-c1570
2o democracy and nazism: germany, 1918-1945
1f industrialisation and the people: britain, c1783-1885
1c the tudors: england, 1485-1603
2m wars and welfare: britain in transition, 1906-1957
World war two & the holocaust
2n revolution and dictatorship: russia, 1917-1953
2s the making of modern britain, 1951-2007
World war one
Britain: 1509 -1745
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1
0
Alexandra Jackson
09/12/2025
History
history edexcel medicine in britain - case study / studies
154
•
9 Dec 2025
•
Alexandra Jackson
@alexandrajjx
Throughout history, humans have battled deadly diseases without understanding what... Show more
Imagine a disease so terrifying it shut down Parliament and wiped out entire towns. The Black Death came in two deadly forms that spread rapidly across Europe.
Bubonic plague caused horrific pus-filled swellings on the skin, whilst pneumonic plague attacked the lungs, causing severe coughing and breathing difficulties. People had no clue what caused this nightmare - they blamed everything from God's punishment to bad air (miasma) and even astrology.
Some towns like Gloucester tried desperately to protect themselves by shutting off from the outside world, but nothing really worked. The disease was actually spread by fleas and rats, though people wouldn't discover this for centuries.
Quick Fact: Parliament was forced to close in January 1349 because so many people had died from the plague.
Before Harvey, doctors had some pretty wild ideas about how your body worked. They thought your liver made "purple blood" that flowed through veins, whilst your lungs produced "bright red blood" for your arteries.
William Harvey completely revolutionised medicine by proving that blood actually circulates around your body in a continuous loop. He showed that the heart pumps far too much blood for it to be constantly made and consumed like people believed.
Even though Harvey was right, many people refused to accept his theories. Shockingly, doctors kept using bloodletting (draining blood from patients) even after Harvey proved it was useless! His discoveries eventually led to blood transfusions and complex surgery, giving us a proper understanding of how the body works.
Did You Know? Blood transfusions were rarely successful in Harvey's time because doctors didn't yet understand blood types.
Just over 300 years after the Black Death, plague returned to terrorise London. People still didn't understand it was spread by rats, so they tried some pretty bizarre prevention methods.
Shop owners left coins in jars of vinegar thinking it would kill the disease. Infected houses got marked with a red cross, and entire families were locked inside for quarantine. Theatres closed, and thousands of cats and dogs were killed because people thought they spread the illness.
Treatments were mostly useless - lucky charms, bloodletting, and various folk remedies that often made things worse. The plague finally ended in 1666 when the Great Fire of London accidentally wiped out the rat-infested areas where the disease thrived.
Reality Check: Bloodletting actually weakened patients and made infected wounds more dangerous, not better.
Smallpox was one of history's biggest killers until a country doctor named Edward Jenner made a brilliant observation. He noticed that milkmaids who caught cowpox from cows never got smallpox.
In 1796, Jenner tested his theory by deliberately infecting a boy with cowpox, then exposing him to smallpox - the boy stayed healthy! He published his findings in 1798, creating the world's first vaccination.
Parliament was so impressed they gave Jenner £10,000 in 1802 to open a vaccination clinic. By 1840, smallpox vaccination was free for babies, and it became compulsory in 1853. However, many people resisted vaccination because they were terrified of catching diseases from cows!
Amazing Impact: Jenner's vaccination method prevented around 3,500 deaths by 1751 and eventually eliminated smallpox completely.
Cholera spread like wildfire through dirty Victorian cities, causing severe diarrhoea and dangerous loss of water and minerals. Most doctors blamed miasma (bad air), but John Snow had a different theory.
In 1854, Snow investigated a cholera outbreak on Broad Street in London. He discovered that all the victims had drunk water from the same contaminated pump, proving that cholera was waterborne - spread through infected sewage getting into drinking water.
Snow published his findings in 1855 in a report called "On the Mode of Communication of Cholera," but most people didn't believe him until the Germ Theory was established later. His work eventually led to proper sewage systems and saved millions of lives.
Epidemic Scale: Over 21,000 people died from cholera in Britain during the 1832 epidemic alone.
Sometimes the best discoveries happen by accident! Alexander Fleming was studying bacteria in 1928 when he noticed something extraordinary - a mould had contaminated one of his bacterial cultures, and all the bacteria around it had stopped growing.
Fleming realised this penicillin mould was actually killing harmful bacteria. He published his findings between 1929-1931, but nobody wanted to fund further research at first.
Luckily, Florey and Chain picked up Fleming's work and developed it further. American companies funded their research during World War II, and by 1943, British businesses were mass-producing penicillin. All three scientists won the Nobel Prize in 1945, and penicillin now treats countless bacterial infections.
War Impact: Penicillin saved thousands of soldiers' lives during World War II and revolutionised modern medicine.
In the 1950s, scientists Richard Doll and Austin Bradford Hill proved the shocking link between smoking and lung cancer. This discovery changed public health forever.
Modern diagnosis uses chest X-rays to spot anything suspicious on the lungs, whilst CT scans provide detailed images. Bronchoscopy allows doctors to look inside the lungs, though it requires local anaesthetic.
Treatments include surgery to remove affected areas, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. The government now runs health campaigns, banned cigarette adverts from TV, put health warnings on packets, and prohibited smoking in public places.
Prevention Success: Government anti-smoking campaigns have dramatically reduced smoking rates and saved thousands of lives from lung cancer.
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
App Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
Alexandra Jackson
@alexandrajjx
Throughout history, humans have battled deadly diseases without understanding what caused them or how to treat them properly. From the devastating Black Death to modern breakthroughs like penicillin, medical knowledge has evolved dramatically over centuries.
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Improve your grades
Join milions of students
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Imagine a disease so terrifying it shut down Parliament and wiped out entire towns. The Black Death came in two deadly forms that spread rapidly across Europe.
Bubonic plague caused horrific pus-filled swellings on the skin, whilst pneumonic plague attacked the lungs, causing severe coughing and breathing difficulties. People had no clue what caused this nightmare - they blamed everything from God's punishment to bad air (miasma) and even astrology.
Some towns like Gloucester tried desperately to protect themselves by shutting off from the outside world, but nothing really worked. The disease was actually spread by fleas and rats, though people wouldn't discover this for centuries.
Quick Fact: Parliament was forced to close in January 1349 because so many people had died from the plague.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Before Harvey, doctors had some pretty wild ideas about how your body worked. They thought your liver made "purple blood" that flowed through veins, whilst your lungs produced "bright red blood" for your arteries.
William Harvey completely revolutionised medicine by proving that blood actually circulates around your body in a continuous loop. He showed that the heart pumps far too much blood for it to be constantly made and consumed like people believed.
Even though Harvey was right, many people refused to accept his theories. Shockingly, doctors kept using bloodletting (draining blood from patients) even after Harvey proved it was useless! His discoveries eventually led to blood transfusions and complex surgery, giving us a proper understanding of how the body works.
Did You Know? Blood transfusions were rarely successful in Harvey's time because doctors didn't yet understand blood types.
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Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Just over 300 years after the Black Death, plague returned to terrorise London. People still didn't understand it was spread by rats, so they tried some pretty bizarre prevention methods.
Shop owners left coins in jars of vinegar thinking it would kill the disease. Infected houses got marked with a red cross, and entire families were locked inside for quarantine. Theatres closed, and thousands of cats and dogs were killed because people thought they spread the illness.
Treatments were mostly useless - lucky charms, bloodletting, and various folk remedies that often made things worse. The plague finally ended in 1666 when the Great Fire of London accidentally wiped out the rat-infested areas where the disease thrived.
Reality Check: Bloodletting actually weakened patients and made infected wounds more dangerous, not better.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Smallpox was one of history's biggest killers until a country doctor named Edward Jenner made a brilliant observation. He noticed that milkmaids who caught cowpox from cows never got smallpox.
In 1796, Jenner tested his theory by deliberately infecting a boy with cowpox, then exposing him to smallpox - the boy stayed healthy! He published his findings in 1798, creating the world's first vaccination.
Parliament was so impressed they gave Jenner £10,000 in 1802 to open a vaccination clinic. By 1840, smallpox vaccination was free for babies, and it became compulsory in 1853. However, many people resisted vaccination because they were terrified of catching diseases from cows!
Amazing Impact: Jenner's vaccination method prevented around 3,500 deaths by 1751 and eventually eliminated smallpox completely.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Cholera spread like wildfire through dirty Victorian cities, causing severe diarrhoea and dangerous loss of water and minerals. Most doctors blamed miasma (bad air), but John Snow had a different theory.
In 1854, Snow investigated a cholera outbreak on Broad Street in London. He discovered that all the victims had drunk water from the same contaminated pump, proving that cholera was waterborne - spread through infected sewage getting into drinking water.
Snow published his findings in 1855 in a report called "On the Mode of Communication of Cholera," but most people didn't believe him until the Germ Theory was established later. His work eventually led to proper sewage systems and saved millions of lives.
Epidemic Scale: Over 21,000 people died from cholera in Britain during the 1832 epidemic alone.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Sometimes the best discoveries happen by accident! Alexander Fleming was studying bacteria in 1928 when he noticed something extraordinary - a mould had contaminated one of his bacterial cultures, and all the bacteria around it had stopped growing.
Fleming realised this penicillin mould was actually killing harmful bacteria. He published his findings between 1929-1931, but nobody wanted to fund further research at first.
Luckily, Florey and Chain picked up Fleming's work and developed it further. American companies funded their research during World War II, and by 1943, British businesses were mass-producing penicillin. All three scientists won the Nobel Prize in 1945, and penicillin now treats countless bacterial infections.
War Impact: Penicillin saved thousands of soldiers' lives during World War II and revolutionised modern medicine.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
In the 1950s, scientists Richard Doll and Austin Bradford Hill proved the shocking link between smoking and lung cancer. This discovery changed public health forever.
Modern diagnosis uses chest X-rays to spot anything suspicious on the lungs, whilst CT scans provide detailed images. Bronchoscopy allows doctors to look inside the lungs, though it requires local anaesthetic.
Treatments include surgery to remove affected areas, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. The government now runs health campaigns, banned cigarette adverts from TV, put health warnings on packets, and prohibited smoking in public places.
Prevention Success: Government anti-smoking campaigns have dramatically reduced smoking rates and saved thousands of lives from lung cancer.
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
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The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
Sociology