The Rise of Militant Suffragette Tactics

In 1903, Emmeline Pankhurst founded the Women's Social and Political Union $WSPU$ with the motto "deeds not words." The WSPU, also known as the Suffragettes, employed more aggressive tactics to draw attention to the cause of women's suffrage.

Vocabulary: Suffragettes - Members of women's organizations in the early 20th century who advocated for the right to vote through militant tactics.

The Suffragettes engaged in various disruptive and violent acts, including:

• Blowing up post boxes
• Smashing windows
• Chaining themselves to railings
• Slashing paintings in the National Gallery
• Attacking MPs

When imprisoned, many Suffragettes chose to go on hunger strikes. This led to force-feeding by authorities, which in turn generated public sympathy for their cause.

Highlight: The "Cat and Mouse Act" allowed authorities to release hunger-striking Suffragettes when they became ill, only to re-arrest them once they had recovered.

The militant tactics of the Suffragettes had mixed results:

• They gained significant publicity, with their campaign being discussed almost daily in Parliament
• Many MPs viewed them as terrorists who couldn't be trusted with the vote
• Their actions outraged and embarrassed some politicians
• However, they kept the issue of women's suffrage at the forefront of public discourse

World War I and Its Impact on Women's Suffrage

The outbreak of World War I in 1914 marked a turning point for the women's suffrage movement. The WSPU suspended all campaigning to support the war effort. Women took on various roles traditionally held by men, including:

• Train and tram drivers
• Coal miners
• Mechanics
• Land Army workers
• Factory workers producing shells $one of the most dangerous and valuable jobs$

Quote: Prime Minister David Lloyd George praised women's contributions after the war, stating, "Women have helped to win the war, women must help to win the peace."

This wartime experience proved that women were capable of contributing positively to society in many ways. However, the eventual granting of voting rights in 1918 was limited:

• Only married women over the age of 30 who owned property were given the vote
• This excluded most of the working women who had contributed to the war effort

Highlight: While World War I was a catalyst for change, it was not the sole cause of women gaining voting rights.

The women's suffrage movement historical analysis shows that international examples also played a role in pressuring Britain to grant women the vote. Countries such as New Zealand, Australia, Russia, Canada, and Poland had already recognized women's right to vote before 1918. British suffrage campaigners used these examples as inspiration and to highlight Britain's backwardness on the issue.

In conclusion, the path to women's suffrage in Britain was shaped by multiple factors:

1. Changing attitudes led to gradual improvements in women's rights in politics and education
2. The peaceful Suffragists gained respect from MPs and were seen as more trustworthy
3. The militant Suffragettes kept the campaign in the media spotlight
4. World War I proved women's capabilities in traditionally male roles
5. International pressure highlighted Britain's need to catch up with other nations

Ultimately, the combined efforts of different suffrage groups, along with broader societal changes, contributed to some women gaining the right to vote in 1918.

Obstacles to Civil Rights in the USA

The early 20th century in America was a period of contrasts. While many Americans enjoyed increased prosperity and a sense of liberty, it was also characterized by racism and intolerance towards various groups in society, particularly African Americans.

Highlight: The period after World War I saw both economic growth and persistent racial tensions in the United States.

One of the most significant obstacles to civil rights was popular prejudice:

• The stigma of slavery continued to affect African Americans' status in society
• Jim Crow laws in the South enforced racial segregation
• The Great Migration saw 1.6 million African Americans move North between 1916-1940 to escape Southern brutality
• This sudden population shift caused racial tensions, leading to events like the Chicago race riots where 23 blacks were killed
• Even in the North, jobs available to blacks were typically low-paid and low-skilled
• Racism remained inescapable, though moving North had some positive effects, such as growing confidence in the Harlem Renaissance

Definition: Jim Crow laws - State and local laws that enforced racial segregation in the Southern United States.

Another major obstacle was the activities of the Ku Klux Klan $KKK$:

Vocabulary: Ku Klux Klan $KKK$ - A white supremacist terrorist organization founded in 1865.

The KKK:

• Believed that blacks were inferior and aimed to prevent freed slaves from attaining equal rights
• Used violent tactics in pursuit of their white supremacist agenda
• Often operated with impunity, as many Klansmen were local officials such as police officers and judges

These obstacles presented significant challenges to the civil rights movement, highlighting the deep-rooted nature of racial prejudice in American society during this period.

The Early Stages of the Women's Suffrage Movement

The fight for women's voting rights in Britain began in an era when women were widely considered second-class citizens. Prior to 1918, virtually no women could vote in elections, as men viewed them as inferior and incapable of engaging in political debate.

However, some progress was being made in women's rights during the late 19th century:

Highlight: The Married Women's Property Act of 1884 gave women the right to own property from before marriage. The Matrimonial Causes Act of 1884 denied husbands the right to lock up their wives as punishment.

Women's educational opportunities were also expanding:

Example: The Education Act of 1870 made formal education compulsory for children ages 5-12. By 1900, 97% of women were able to read and write as a result.

These developments showed society beginning to view women as more equal to men. However, there were still many examples of husbands abusing and controlling their wives.

The National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies $NUWSS$, led by Millicent Fawcett, represented well-educated, middle-class women in the suffrage movement. They used peaceful methods such as:

• Producing pamphlets and magazines
• Writing to MPs
• Organizing rallies

Highlight: The NUWSS showed that women could run a well-organized, effective campaign and were capable of understanding complex political issues.

While the NUWSS gained some MP support and demonstrated women's capabilities in public life, they were often ignored by those opposed to women's suffrage. This led to the formation of more militant groups.