Subjects
Maths
Chemistry
Biology
English Language
History
Responding to change (a2 only)
Infection and response
Homeostasis and response
Energy transfers (a2 only)
Cell biology
Organisms respond to changes in their internal and external environments (a-level only)
Biological molecules
Organisation
Substance exchange
Bioenergetics
Genetic information & variation
Inheritance, variation and evolution
Genetics & ecosystems (a2 only)
Ecology
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Britain & the wider world: 1745 -1901
1l the quest for political stability: germany, 1871-1991
The cold war
Inter-war germany
Medieval period: 1066 -1509
2d religious conflict and the church in england, c1529-c1570
2o democracy and nazism: germany, 1918-1945
1f industrialisation and the people: britain, c1783-1885
1c the tudors: england, 1485-1603
2m wars and welfare: britain in transition, 1906-1957
World war two & the holocaust
2n revolution and dictatorship: russia, 1917-1953
2s the making of modern britain, 1951-2007
World war one
Britain: 1509 -1745
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11
1
erin
03/12/2025
History
health and the people, aqa course, paper 2
1,141
•
3 Dec 2025
•
erin
@erin_louise
Modern medicine transformed dramatically during the 19th and 20th centuries... Show more
The same innovations that helped WWI soldiers continued to evolve throughout the early 20th century. Plastic surgery techniques became more sophisticated, moving beyond emergency wartime medicine to help people with various conditions and injuries.
Skin grafts and reconstructive surgery addressed both the mental and social wellbeing of patients. Doctors realised that healing wasn't just about fixing physical wounds - people needed to feel confident about their appearance to fully recover.
These surgical advances laid the groundwork for modern medicine. The techniques developed during the war became standard procedures that surgeons still use today, proving how crisis situations can drive incredible medical innovation.
Key Point: The horrors of war accidentally created some of our most important medical breakthroughs.
The development of penicillin from Fleming's accidental discovery to a life-saving medicine shows how chance, science, and technology work together. What started as contaminated bacteria in a lab became the foundation of modern antibiotic treatment.
During and after WWII, the government recognised penicillin's massive potential and funded large-scale production. This marked a turning point where science and technology became crucial factors in medical progress, not just individual discoveries.
Antibiotics revolutionised medicine by making previously fatal infections completely treatable. Surgery became much safer because doctors could prevent and treat post-operative infections effectively.
The success of penicillin also showed how war drives medical innovation - the urgent need to save soldiers' lives accelerated research and development that might have taken decades during peacetime.
Think About It: Without Fleming's accidental discovery, routine operations like appendectomies would still be life-threatening procedures.
The early 20th century saw multiple medical breakthroughs happening simultaneously. Alexander Fleming's penicillin discovery, Harold Gillies' plastic surgery innovations, and Marie Curie's work with radiation and X-rays all contributed to modern healthcare.
Marie Curie discovered polonium and radium, leading to the development of X-rays. During WWI, she drove to the front lines with her X-ray machines, helping surgeons locate bullets and shrapnel in wounded soldiers.
These innovations laid the foundation for the NHS (National Health Service), which provided free healthcare for everyone after WWII. The government recognised that keeping people healthy was essential for economic prosperity and social stability.
The combination of new surgical techniques, antibiotics, and diagnostic tools like X-rays created the framework for modern medicine that we still use today.
Connection: All these discoveries happened within 30 years of each other - showing how rapidly medicine can advance during times of crisis.
Edwin Chadwick led a government report on public health after being shocked by the terrible living conditions of the poor. Raw sewage flowing into the Thames was making cholera outbreaks worse, and workers couldn't work if they were ill.
John Snow challenged the popular 'miasma' theory by proving that cholera was caused by dirty water, not bad air. In Soho, London, he removed a contaminated water pump handle and the cholera outbreak stopped immediately.
Snow discovered that beer was safer to drink than water because the brewing process killed dangerous bacteria. His work showed that clean water and proper sewerage were essential for preventing disease outbreaks.
Boards of health were established to ensure clean streets and clean water. MPs supported these reforms because they realised that public health affected economic productivity and social stability.
Did You Know? John Snow's water pump investigation in 1854 is considered the birth of modern epidemiology - the science of tracking disease outbreaks.
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The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
erin
@erin_louise
Modern medicine transformed dramatically during the 19th and 20th centuries through groundbreaking discoveries and wartime innovations. From accidental discoveries like penicillin to life-saving surgical techniques developed during World War I, these medical breakthroughs revolutionised healthcare and saved millions of lives.
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The same innovations that helped WWI soldiers continued to evolve throughout the early 20th century. Plastic surgery techniques became more sophisticated, moving beyond emergency wartime medicine to help people with various conditions and injuries.
Skin grafts and reconstructive surgery addressed both the mental and social wellbeing of patients. Doctors realised that healing wasn't just about fixing physical wounds - people needed to feel confident about their appearance to fully recover.
These surgical advances laid the groundwork for modern medicine. The techniques developed during the war became standard procedures that surgeons still use today, proving how crisis situations can drive incredible medical innovation.
Key Point: The horrors of war accidentally created some of our most important medical breakthroughs.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
The development of penicillin from Fleming's accidental discovery to a life-saving medicine shows how chance, science, and technology work together. What started as contaminated bacteria in a lab became the foundation of modern antibiotic treatment.
During and after WWII, the government recognised penicillin's massive potential and funded large-scale production. This marked a turning point where science and technology became crucial factors in medical progress, not just individual discoveries.
Antibiotics revolutionised medicine by making previously fatal infections completely treatable. Surgery became much safer because doctors could prevent and treat post-operative infections effectively.
The success of penicillin also showed how war drives medical innovation - the urgent need to save soldiers' lives accelerated research and development that might have taken decades during peacetime.
Think About It: Without Fleming's accidental discovery, routine operations like appendectomies would still be life-threatening procedures.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
The early 20th century saw multiple medical breakthroughs happening simultaneously. Alexander Fleming's penicillin discovery, Harold Gillies' plastic surgery innovations, and Marie Curie's work with radiation and X-rays all contributed to modern healthcare.
Marie Curie discovered polonium and radium, leading to the development of X-rays. During WWI, she drove to the front lines with her X-ray machines, helping surgeons locate bullets and shrapnel in wounded soldiers.
These innovations laid the foundation for the NHS (National Health Service), which provided free healthcare for everyone after WWII. The government recognised that keeping people healthy was essential for economic prosperity and social stability.
The combination of new surgical techniques, antibiotics, and diagnostic tools like X-rays created the framework for modern medicine that we still use today.
Connection: All these discoveries happened within 30 years of each other - showing how rapidly medicine can advance during times of crisis.
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Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Edwin Chadwick led a government report on public health after being shocked by the terrible living conditions of the poor. Raw sewage flowing into the Thames was making cholera outbreaks worse, and workers couldn't work if they were ill.
John Snow challenged the popular 'miasma' theory by proving that cholera was caused by dirty water, not bad air. In Soho, London, he removed a contaminated water pump handle and the cholera outbreak stopped immediately.
Snow discovered that beer was safer to drink than water because the brewing process killed dangerous bacteria. His work showed that clean water and proper sewerage were essential for preventing disease outbreaks.
Boards of health were established to ensure clean streets and clean water. MPs supported these reforms because they realised that public health affected economic productivity and social stability.
Did You Know? John Snow's water pump investigation in 1854 is considered the birth of modern epidemiology - the science of tracking disease outbreaks.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
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Transform this note into: ✓ 50+ Practice Questions ✓ Interactive Flashcards ✓ Full Mock Exam ✓ Essay Outlines
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The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
Sociology