Elizabethan Exploration: Motivations and Consequences

The reasons for Elizabethan age exploration were multifaceted:

1. Expanding Trade: English merchants sought new opportunities as traditional markets were disrupted by conflicts.
2. Adventure: Young Elizabethans like Francis Drake undertook voyages of discovery, inspired by tales of riches.
3. Private Investment: Wealthy individuals, including Elizabeth herself, funded expeditions for potential profits.
4. Technological Advancements: Improvements in ship design and navigation tools made longer voyages possible.

Example: The development of the galleon, a faster and more maneuverable ship, greatly enhanced England's exploration capabilities.

Drake's circumnavigation $1577-1580$ was particularly significant:

• It was primarily aimed at raiding Spanish colonies in the Pacific.
• The voyage increased England's reputation as a seafaring power.
• It led to the claiming of Nova Albion $near San Francisco$ for England.

Vocabulary: Circumnavigation - The act of sailing all the way around the world.

The consequences of Drake's voyage included:

• Expanded English trade in China, West Africa, and India
• Development of the triangular trade
• Deteriorating relations with Spain

Definition: Triangular trade - A trading system involving three ports or regions, each supplying goods for another.

These explorations laid the foundation for England's future colonial empire and maritime dominance.

The Spanish Armada: Causes and Significance

The launch of the Spanish Armada in 1588 was a culmination of various factors:

1. Religious Conflict: Philip II of Spain, a devout Catholic, sought to remove the Protestant Elizabeth from the English throne.
2. Papal Support: The Pope had excommunicated Elizabeth in 1570 and promised absolution to those participating in the Armada.
3. Changing Circumstances: Spain's acquisition of Portugal in 1580 provided additional naval resources.
4. Political Tensions: Elizabeth's support for Dutch rebels against Spanish rule and Drake's raids on Spanish colonies heightened animosity.

Quote: "For Philip, the knighting of Drake on the Golden Hind by Elizabeth was the final insult that made war between the two countries inevitable."

The defeat of the Spanish Armada had far-reaching consequences:

• It solidified England's position as a major naval power.
• It boosted national morale and Elizabeth's popularity.
• It marked the beginning of the decline of Spanish naval supremacy.

This event is considered a turning point in Early Elizabethan England, ushering in a period of increased confidence and expansion.

Elizabethan Society and Economy

The Elizabethan era saw significant social and economic changes:

1. Poor Relief: The Poor Relief Act of 1576 established a system for supporting the impoverished.
2. Labor Regulations: The Statute of Artificers in 1563 regulated wages and working conditions.
3. Religious Tensions: The influx of Catholic priests in 1574 and the Revolt of the Northern Earls in 1569 highlighted ongoing religious conflicts.
4. Economic Challenges: Events like the Genoese Loan crisis of 1568 and the Spanish Fury of 1576 impacted England's economy.

Highlight: The Elizabethan era's social policies laid the groundwork for future poor relief systems in England.

These developments reflect the complex nature of Early Elizabethan England, balancing economic growth with social challenges and religious divisions.

Elizabethan Foreign Policy and Diplomacy

Elizabeth I's reign was marked by strategic diplomacy and shifting alliances:

1. Treaty of Edinburgh $1560$: Secured English influence in Scotland.
2. Treaty of Nonsuch $1585$: Provided support to Dutch rebels against Spain.
3. Treaty of Berwick $1586$: Formed an alliance with Scotland.
4. Treaty of Joinville $1584$: A Catholic alliance that threatened England's security.

Example: The Treaty of Nonsuch demonstrated Elizabeth's willingness to support Protestant causes abroad, even at the risk of conflict with Spain.

These diplomatic maneuvers were crucial in maintaining England's position in a turbulent European political landscape.

Legacy of the Elizabethan Age

The Elizabethan era is often referred to as a 'golden age' in English history:

1. Cultural Flourishing: The period saw a renaissance in literature, theatre, and the arts.
2. Naval Supremacy: England emerged as a major maritime power, challenging Spanish dominance.
3. Economic Growth: Exploration and trade expansion led to increased prosperity.
4. National Identity: The defeat of the Spanish Armada fostered a strong sense of national pride.

Quote: "England increasingly saw her navy as her best means of defence, protecting and extending her trading interests."

However, the era also had its challenges, including religious conflicts, poverty, and social inequality.

The events and developments of Early Elizabethan England laid the foundation for England's future as a global power and shaped much of its national character.

Page 6: The Problem of the Poor

Examines poverty in Elizabethan society, including classifications and types of poor people.

Example: Those spending more than 80% of income on bread were classified as poor.

Highlight: Widows and abandoned women were particularly vulnerable to poverty due to limited earning opportunities.

Page 7: Education

Discusses educational practices and attitudes in Elizabethan England, revealing social inequalities and limited access to formal education.

Quote: "Only an estimated 15-20% of the population could read and write"

Highlight: Education was primarily focused on practical skills rather than academic learning for most people.

Elizabeth Timeline and Key Events

The Early Elizabethan England timeline highlights crucial events from 1558 to 1590:

• 1558: Elizabeth I crowned Queen of England
• 1559: Peace Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis signed
• 1563: Statute of Artificers enacted
• 1569: Revolt of the Northern Earls
• 1570: Elizabeth excommunicated from Catholic Church
• 1572: Vagabonds Act passed
• 1577-1580: Francis Drake circumnavigates the globe
• 1588: Spanish Armada defeated
• 1590: Failed attempt to colonize Roanoke

Highlight: The defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588 was a pivotal moment in Elizabeth's reign, solidifying England's naval supremacy.

These events shaped the political, religious, and economic landscape of Early Elizabethan England, setting the stage for the country's future as a global power.