Cuban Revolution 1953-59, Bay of Pigs Incident 1961 and The Thirteen Days

Alternative transcript:

then Portugal. Cuba then turns communist and the US is angry as they are anti-communist and have a communist country only 90 miles away from them which causes tension and threat to each country. ● ● RESULTS ● Cuba was now communist and under the leadership of the Soviet Union. Not all Cubans agreed with the communist concept. • The United States were very unhappy and weren't going to let this happen... Bay of Pigs incident (1961) Events: 1. US president Eisenhower prepared an invasion on Cuba, however John F. Kennedy then replaced him for other reasons but still carried on with a plan on invasion of Cuba. 2. Some Cubans did not agree with Castro so they became refugees and fled the country to go to America. 3. The CIA then picked up a lot of the Cuban refugees and then trained them to invade Cuba and defeat Castro and his government. 4. The Cubans also had a very good spy network, so they knew what the US was planning. 5. The invasion then happened and the US lost within only about 48hours and most of the refugees that invaded Cuba were either sent to prison or they were killed. 6. The invasion then made Castro and the Cubans very popular and the US made Cuban enemy number 1. 7. There were then thousands of assassination attacks that the CIA put together to try assassinate Fidel Castro but none of them ever succeeds. Some of what the CIA tried to do to assassinate him: • Tried to poison the cubic cigar he always had with him • Tried to poison his toothpaste • Tried to shoot him 8. Fidel Castro was then scared that there might be another invasion but with the actual US army (that would likely defeat him). So he then made close relations with the Soviet Union (communist country) and they sent Cuba supplies whilst they sent them sugar. 9. The US was then very worried as they has a Soviet Union ally just 90 miles away from them. *Day 1-Oct 16 1962 President Kennedy, principal foreign policy and national defense officials are briefed on the U-2 findings of nuclear weapons found in Cuba placed by the Soviets. Discussions begin on how to respond to the challenge. Two principal courses are offered: an air strike and invasion, or a naval quarantine with the threat of further military action. To avoid arousing public concern, the president maintained his official schedule, meeting periodically with advisors to discuss the status of events in Cuba and possible strategies. Day 3-Oct 18 President Kennedy is visited by Saviet Foreign Minister Andrei Gromyko, who asserts that Soviet aid to Cuba is purely defensive and does not represent a threat to the United States. Kennedy, without revealing what he knows of the existence of the missiles, reads to Gromyko his Jublic warning of September 4 that the gravest consequences would follow if ignificant Soviet offensive weapons were ntroduced into Cuba. sawa Rarge of long range missiles (2700) range missiles (1000 Chicago New Oran New York Washingn They Day 2-Oct 17 American military units begin moving to bases in the Southeastern U.S. as intelligence photos from another U-2 flight show additional sites; and 16 to 32 missiles. urta Day 4 - Oct 19 President Kennedy leaves for a scheduled campaign trip to Ohio and Illinois. In MATANIAS 17 ma Washington, his advisers continue the debate over the necessary and appropriate course of action. d MANAS 12/05/20 corona isolation work Thirteen Days - MILA SARAPA Day 5-Oct 20 President Kennedy returns suddenly to Washington and after five hours of discussion with top advisers decides on the quarantine. Plans for deploying naval units are drawn and work is begun on a speech to notify the American people. Day 7-Oct 22 President Kennedy phones former Presidents Hoover, Truman and Eisenhower to brief them on the situation. Meetings to coordinate all actions continue. Kennedy formally establishes the Executive Committee of the National Security Council and instructs it to meet daily during the crisis. Kennedy briefs the cabinet and congressional leaders on the situation. Kennedy also informs British Prime Minister Harold Macmillan of the situation by telephone. President Kennedy delivering the address on TV President Kennedy writes to Nikita Khrushchev, Premier of the Soviet Union, prior to addressing the American public on live television:... I have not assumed that you or any other sane man would In this nuclear age, deliberately plunge the world into war which it is crystal clear no country could win and which could only result in catastrophic consequences to the whole world, including the aggressor. At 7:00 p.m. Kennedy speaks on television, revealing the evidence of Soviet missiles in Cuba and calling for their removal. He also announces the establishment of a naval quarantine around the island until the Soviet Union agrees to dismantle the missile sites and to make certain that no additional missiles are shipped to Cuba. Approximately one hour before the speech, Secretary of State Dean Rusk formally notifies Soviet Ambassador Anatoly Dobrynin of the contents of the President's speech. Day 6-Oct 21 After attending Mass at St. Stephen's Church with Mrs. Kennedy, the President meets with General Walter Sweeney of the Tactical Air Command who tells him that an air strike could not guarantee 100% destruction of the missiles. Corona isolation Day 8-Oct 23 Assistant Secretary of State for Inter-American Affairs Edwin Martin seeks a resolution of support from the Organization of American States. Ambassador to the United Nations Adlai Stevenson lays the matter before the Security Council. The ships of the naval quarantine feet move into place around Cuba. Soviet submarines threaten the quarantine by moving into the Caribbean area. Sovie: freighters bound for Cuba with military supplies stop dead in the water, but the oil tanker Bucharest continues towards Cuba. In the evening Robert Kennedy meets with Ambassador Dobrynin at the Soviet Embassy. work Saturday, October 20 12/06/20 a www After the Organization of American States endorsed the quarantine, President Kennedy asks Khrushchev to halt any Russian ships heading toward Cuba. The president's greatest concern is that a US Navy vessel would otherwise be forced to fire upon a Russian vessel, possibly igniting war between the superpowers. Day 9-Oct 24 Chairman Khrushchev replies indignantly to President Kennedy's October 23 letter stating in part "You, Mr. President, are not declaring a quarantine, but rather are setting forth an ultimatum and threatening that if we do not give in to your demands you will use force. Consider what you are saying! And you want to persuade me to agree to this! What would it mean to agree to these demands? It would mean guiding oneself in one's relations with other countries not by reason, but by submitting to arbitrariness. You are no longer appealing to reason, but wish to intimidate us." Day 11-Oct 26 A Soviet-chartered freighter is stopped at the quarantine line and searched for contraband military supplies. None are found and the ship is allowed to proceed to Cuba. Photographic evidence shows accelerated construction of the missile sites and the uncrating of Soviet IL-28 bombers at Cuban airfields. In a private letter, Fidel Castro urges Nikita Khrushchev to initiate a nuclear first strike against the United States in the event of an American invasion of Cuba. ohn Scali, ABC News reporter, is approached by Aleksandr Fomin of the Soviet mbassy staff with a proposal for a solution to the crisis. ater, a long, rambling letter from Khrushchev to Kennedy makes a similar offer: emoval of the missiles in exchange for lifting the quarantine and a pledge that e U.S. will not invade Cuba. Day 10-Oct 25 Knowing that some missiles in Cuba were now operational, the president personally drafts a letter to Premier Khrushchev, again urging him to change the course of events. Meanwhile, Soviet freighters turn and head back to Europe. The Bucharest, carrying only petroleum products, is allowed through the quarantine line. U.N. Secretary General U Thant calls for a cooling off period, which is rejected by Kennedy because it would leave the missiles in place. Day 12-Oct 27 A second letter from Moscow demanding tougher terms, including the removal of obsolete Jupiter missiles from Turkey, is received in Washington. Over Cuba, An American U-2 plane is shot down by a Soviet-supplied surface-to-air missile and the pilot, Major Rudolph Anderson, is killed. President Kennedy writes a letter to the widow of USAF Major Rudolf Anderson, Jr., offering condolences, and informing her that President Kennedy is awarding him the Distinguished Service Medal, posthumously. 12/08/20 Corona isolation work Much public debate between the United States and the Soviet Union took place in the halls of the United Nations. During the debate in the Security Council, the normally courteous U.S. Ambassador Adiai Stevenson aggressively confronted his Soviet U.N. counterpart Valerian Zorin with photographic evidence of the missiles in Cuba. At a tense meeting of the Executive Committee, President Kennedy resists pressure for immediate military action against the SAM sites. At several points in the discussion, Kennedy insists that removal of the American missiles in Turkey will have to be part of an overall negotiated settlement. The Committee ultimately decides to ignore the Saturday letter from Moscow and respond favorably to the more conciliatory Friday message. Air Force troop carrier squadrons are ordered to active duty in case an invasion is required. Later that night, Robert Kennedy meets secretly with Ambassador Anatoly Dobrynin. They reach a basic understanding: the Soviet Union will withdraw the missiles from Cuba under United Nations supervision in exchange for an American pledge not to invade Cuba. In an additional secret understanding, the United States agrees to eventually remove the Jupiter missiles from Turkey Da Li-tc4 The three days making the most dangerous period ofthe Cuban missile crisis end. Radio Moscow announces that the Soviet Union has accepted the proposed solution and releases the tent of a throth the leter eft in that the mi sie wil ve non-invasion pledge from the United States or a