Page 2: Urban Crime and Social Conditions (1800s)

This section examines how poor living conditions and social circumstances contributed to crime in urban areas, particularly focusing on housing and prison reforms.

Highlight: Overcrowded and unsanitary conditions in urban areas contributed significantly to criminal behavior.

Example: Rookeries and lodging houses became hotbeds of criminal activity due to their cramped and unsanitary conditions.

Definition: Reformation in prisons meant focusing on rehabilitation rather than punishment through hard labor.

The page also covers the evolution of prisons from purely punitive institutions to places of potential reformation, including the introduction of education and separate facilities for different types of criminals.

Page 4: Evolution of Law Enforcement (1000-1700)

This page traces the development of law enforcement from medieval to early modern periods.

Vocabulary: Hue and cry - a system where villagers were called upon to chase criminals

Definition: Tithings were groups of 20 men over age 12 responsible for community behavior

Example: Watchmen who patrolled streets at night were volunteers from the community

The page demonstrates how law enforcement evolved from community-based systems to more organized structures.

Page 5: Social Conditions and Crime

This page appears to begin discussing terrible conditions, though the provided transcript is incomplete for this section.

Highlight: Poor social conditions significantly influenced criminal behavior and law enforcement effectiveness.

[Note: Due to the incomplete nature of page 5's transcript, this summary is limited to the available information.]

18th Century Crime and Social Change

The 18th century marked significant changes in crime perception and punishment.

Highlight: The decline of witchcraft prosecutions reflected growing scientific influence.

Example: Smuggling became widespread due to high government import duties.

Page 1: Religious Impact on Crime and Authority (1500-1700)

This page explores how religion influenced crime and authority during the Tudor and Stuart periods. Religious changes under different monarchs significantly impacted criminal behavior and persecution.

Highlight: The constant shifting between Catholicism and Protestantism led to numerous crimes against authority, including heresy and treason.

Example: The Gunpowder Plot of 1605 represents a significant crime against authority motivated by religious persecution.

Definition: Heresy was defined as going against the official religion of the monarch and country.

Vocabulary: Vagabondage - the state of being a vagrant or homeless person, considered illegal during this period.

The page details how religious persecution under different monarchs, such as "Bloody Mary" who executed 300 Protestants, influenced criminal behavior and social unrest.