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Responding to change (a2 only)
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Organisms respond to changes in their internal and external environments (a-level only)
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Britain & the wider world: 1745 -1901
1l the quest for political stability: germany, 1871-1991
The cold war
Inter-war germany
Medieval period: 1066 -1509
2d religious conflict and the church in england, c1529-c1570
2o democracy and nazism: germany, 1918-1945
1f industrialisation and the people: britain, c1783-1885
1c the tudors: england, 1485-1603
2m wars and welfare: britain in transition, 1906-1957
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2s the making of modern britain, 1951-2007
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History
15 Dec 2025
674
42 pages
kiki @enokiki
Ever wondered how a single year changed English history forever? In 1066, England transformed from an Anglo-Saxon kingdom... Show more
This GCSE history topic covers one of the most dramatic periods in English history - the Norman Conquest of 1066 and its immediate aftermath. You'll explore three key themes that show how England completely transformed under Norman rule.
The course examines Anglo-Saxon England before the conquest, the violent struggle for control between 1066-87, and how the Normans rebuilt English society with new systems like feudalism. Understanding this period is crucial because it explains how modern England's government, church, and social structure developed.
Quick Tip This topic is perfect for essay questions about change and continuity - always consider what the Normans kept from Anglo-Saxon England versus what they completely replaced.
Medieval England was surprisingly small - just 2 million people lived in a completely agricultural society where nearly everyone farmed the land. The social hierarchy was clear but allowed some movement kings ruled over earls, who controlled thegns (local lords), who managed peasants and slaves.
Edward the Confessor (1042-1066) ruled this Christian kingdom, but his power had limits. The Danelaw in northern England maintained Viking customs, and powerful earls like Godwin of Wessex could challenge royal authority. The most dramatic example came in 1051 when Godwin returned from exile with an army, forcing Edward to restore his lands.
England's government was impressively organised for its time. The Witan advised the king, whilst shire reeves collected taxes and enforced laws locally. The fyrd provided military service, with each community contributing soldiers when needed.
Exam Focus Remember that Anglo-Saxon England wasn't backward - it had sophisticated government systems that the Normans actually kept and improved upon.
The Godwin family dominated English politics by the 1060s, controlling vast lands and wielding enormous influence. Earl Godwin of Wessex had strategically married his daughter Edith to Edward the Confessor, whilst his sons became earls across England.
Harold Godwinson emerged as the family's star, inheriting Wessex in 1053 and proving himself through military victories against Welsh raiders. His controversial embassy to Normandy in 1064 would later haunt him - the Normans claimed he swore an oath supporting William's claim to the English throne.
Family tensions exploded in 1065 when Tostig Godwinson faced rebellion in Northumbria. His heavy taxation and southern background clashed with local Viking traditions. Remarkably, Harold sided with the rebels against his own brother, showing his political pragmatism as he eyed the throne.
Key Point The Godwin family's power rivalled the king's - understanding their influence is essential for explaining the succession crisis of 1066.
Anglo-Saxon administration was remarkably sophisticated for the 11th century. Earldoms divided the country into manageable regions, with each earl collecting taxes (keeping a third for themselves), maintaining justice, and commanding housecarls - professional warrior bodyguards.
Local government operated through shires managed by shire reeves, subdivided into hundreds and tithings. This system ensured royal control reached every village through collective responsibility - if one person broke the law, their entire community faced consequences.
The legal system balanced traditional blood feuds with the practical wergild compensation system. A peasant's life was valued at 20 shillings, whilst an earl commanded 3,600 shillings - clearly showing social hierarchy through cold economics.
England's economy centred on burhs - fortified towns where valuable trade occurred under royal oversight. London and York dominated commerce, whilst the countryside remained scattered wooden villages where extended families farmed together.
Remember The Church wasn't just about religion - bishops were political powerhouses who influenced royal decisions and controlled vast wealth.
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
18
Smart Tools NEW
Transform this note into: ✓ 50+ Practice Questions ✓ Interactive Flashcards ✓ Full Mock Exam ✓ Essay Outlines
Quotes from every main character
English LiteratureApp Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
kiki
@enokiki
Ever wondered how a single year changed English history forever? In 1066, England transformed from an Anglo-Saxon kingdom into a Norman-controlled nation, setting the stage for the country we know today.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
This GCSE history topic covers one of the most dramatic periods in English history - the Norman Conquest of 1066 and its immediate aftermath. You'll explore three key themes that show how England completely transformed under Norman rule.
The course examines Anglo-Saxon England before the conquest, the violent struggle for control between 1066-87, and how the Normans rebuilt English society with new systems like feudalism. Understanding this period is crucial because it explains how modern England's government, church, and social structure developed.
Quick Tip: This topic is perfect for essay questions about change and continuity - always consider what the Normans kept from Anglo-Saxon England versus what they completely replaced.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Medieval England was surprisingly small - just 2 million people lived in a completely agricultural society where nearly everyone farmed the land. The social hierarchy was clear but allowed some movement: kings ruled over earls, who controlled thegns (local lords), who managed peasants and slaves.
Edward the Confessor (1042-1066) ruled this Christian kingdom, but his power had limits. The Danelaw in northern England maintained Viking customs, and powerful earls like Godwin of Wessex could challenge royal authority. The most dramatic example came in 1051 when Godwin returned from exile with an army, forcing Edward to restore his lands.
England's government was impressively organised for its time. The Witan advised the king, whilst shire reeves collected taxes and enforced laws locally. The fyrd provided military service, with each community contributing soldiers when needed.
Exam Focus: Remember that Anglo-Saxon England wasn't backward - it had sophisticated government systems that the Normans actually kept and improved upon.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
The Godwin family dominated English politics by the 1060s, controlling vast lands and wielding enormous influence. Earl Godwin of Wessex had strategically married his daughter Edith to Edward the Confessor, whilst his sons became earls across England.
Harold Godwinson emerged as the family's star, inheriting Wessex in 1053 and proving himself through military victories against Welsh raiders. His controversial embassy to Normandy in 1064 would later haunt him - the Normans claimed he swore an oath supporting William's claim to the English throne.
Family tensions exploded in 1065 when Tostig Godwinson faced rebellion in Northumbria. His heavy taxation and southern background clashed with local Viking traditions. Remarkably, Harold sided with the rebels against his own brother, showing his political pragmatism as he eyed the throne.
Key Point: The Godwin family's power rivalled the king's - understanding their influence is essential for explaining the succession crisis of 1066.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Anglo-Saxon administration was remarkably sophisticated for the 11th century. Earldoms divided the country into manageable regions, with each earl collecting taxes (keeping a third for themselves), maintaining justice, and commanding housecarls - professional warrior bodyguards.
Local government operated through shires managed by shire reeves, subdivided into hundreds and tithings. This system ensured royal control reached every village through collective responsibility - if one person broke the law, their entire community faced consequences.
The legal system balanced traditional blood feuds with the practical wergild compensation system. A peasant's life was valued at 20 shillings, whilst an earl commanded 3,600 shillings - clearly showing social hierarchy through cold economics.
England's economy centred on burhs - fortified towns where valuable trade occurred under royal oversight. London and York dominated commerce, whilst the countryside remained scattered wooden villages where extended families farmed together.
Remember: The Church wasn't just about religion - bishops were political powerhouses who influenced royal decisions and controlled vast wealth.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
18
Smart Tools NEW
Transform this note into: ✓ 50+ Practice Questions ✓ Interactive Flashcards ✓ Full Mock Exam ✓ Essay Outlines
Quotes from every main character
English LiteratureApp Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
Sociology