A-Level Geography: Volcanoes, Tectonic Hazards, and Plate Boundaries

Niamh Cooke

10/10/2025

Geography

Volcano and Tectonic Revision Sheet

Subjects

Geography

Physical geography

Hazards

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10 Oct 2025

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2 pages

A-Level Geography: Volcanoes, Tectonic Hazards, and Plate Boundaries

Name: Knowunity
Brand: Knowunity

Niamh Cooke

@niamhcooke_yelp

Volcanoes are a crucial topic in A-level Geography, covering various... Show more

VOLCANOES
TUPES OF VOLCANO
Shelld Volcanoes
-made of basaltic rock!
and form gently sloping cones
from layers of less viscous lava.
•Gentle

Plate Boundaries and Volcanic Eruptions

This page focuses on the types of plate boundaries and volcanic eruptions, which are crucial concepts in understanding what happens at a destructive plate boundary and other tectonic processes.

Types of Plate Boundaries

Destructive/Convergent Boundaries:
- Oceanic/Oceanic: The older, more dense plate subducts below the other, which is then heated and melts as it is forced deeper into the chamber. This process forms oceanic trenches.
- Continental/Continental: Causes a powerful collision, as both plates are equally dense, preventing subduction. This process forms mountain ranges, such as the Himalayas.

Example: The Mariana Trench, located in the western Pacific Ocean, is an example of a destructive plate boundary where oceanic-oceanic subduction occurs.

Constructive Boundaries:
- Continental/Continental: Plates move away from each other. The overlying plate is stretched thin until it breaks, causing earthquakes. This process forms rift valleys, and streams/rivers flow into the ridge to form long lakes.

Highlight: Understanding constructive boundaries is essential for grasping what happens at a constructive plate boundary in A-level Geography.

Conservative Boundaries:
- Mainly found on the ocean floor.
- Plates slide past each other, either at different speeds or in different directions.
- No volcanic activity occurs, but may cause shallow focus earthquakes.

Example: The San Andreas Fault in California is a well-known conservative plate boundary example.

Types of Volcanic Eruptions

Hawaiian Type: Lava slowly and easily escapes the vent. It is very runny and basaltic, resulting in gently sloped volcanoes.
Strombolian: Gas explosions occur more frequently. Small but very frequent eruptions.
Vulcanian: More violent but less frequent than Strombolian. Plugs of cooled lava may be ejected in blasts.
Vesuvian: Extremely strong explosions, often occurring after a volcano has been lying dormant for a while. Gas and ash clouds fall over vast areas.
Krakatoan: Exceptionally violent eruptions.
Plinian: Usually the most violent, with massive amounts of lava, gas, and pyroclastic flow. Part of the volcano may be removed during the eruption.

Vocabulary: Plinian eruption - An extremely violent volcanic eruption characterized by a tall, umbrella-shaped cloud of ash and gas that can reach the stratosphere.

Understanding these types of eruptions is crucial for students studying volcanic hazards in A-level Geography and learning about the three types of volcanic eruptions.

Types of Volcanoes

This page provides an overview of various volcano types and their characteristics, which is essential for understanding tectonic hazards in A-level geography.

Shield Volcanoes are formed from basaltic rock and have gently sloping cones due to less viscous lava. They are typically found in hot spots and above double oceanic plate boundaries, with gentle and predictable eruptions.

Vocabulary: Basaltic rock - A type of igneous rock formed from cooled lava, typically dark in color and low in silica content.

Cinder Cone Volcanoes are the most common type, characterized by symmetrical cones that may occur as single or secondary cones. They are formed by airborne fragments of lava ejected from the vent, building up layers.

Calderas are formed when gases build up under a blocked vent, resulting in internal eruptions that create huge craters at the summit. They are found on destructive plate boundaries and cause very explosive and unpredictable eruptions.

Example: The Yellowstone Caldera in Wyoming, USA, is one of the largest known calderas in the world.

Acid/Dome Cone Volcanoes have steep sides and form from very viscous lava. They are often found on continental crusts and cause explosive and unpredictable eruptions. The rock type associated with these volcanoes is Rhyolitic.

Composite Volcanoes are the most common on land and are found on destructive plate boundaries. They cause explosive and unpredictable eruptions.

Highlight: Understanding the different types of volcanoes is crucial for revising A-level geography and comprehending the theory of plate tectonics.

The page also mentions volcanic hotspots, which are caused by a concentration of radioactive elements inside the mantle. A plume of magma rises from these hotspots to eat into the plate above, creating an active volcano where lava breaks through.

Volcanic hazards are also discussed, including:

Ash Clouds: Small pieces of pulverized rock and gas shot into the atmosphere.
Volcanic Gases: Sulphur dioxide, water vapor, and carbon dioxide emitted from volcanoes.
Lahars: Volcanic mudflows that usually run down valleys on volcanoes.
Pyroclastic Flows: Fast-moving currents of super-heated gas and ash, reaching temperatures of 1000°C and traveling at speeds up to 450 mph.
Volcanic Bombs: Thick viscous lava fragments ejected from the mouth of a volcano.

Definition: Pyroclastic flow - A dense, fast-moving flow of solidified lava pieces, volcanic ash, and hot gases that occurs during certain volcanic eruptions.

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Subjects

Geography

Physical geography

Hazards

Geography

10 Oct 2025

1,125

2 pages

A-Level Geography: Volcanoes, Tectonic Hazards, and Plate Boundaries

Niamh Cooke @niamhcooke_yelp

Volcanoes are a crucial topic in A-level Geography, covering various types, formations, and associated hazards. This summary explores the different volcano types, their characteristics, and the plate boundaries that influence... Show more

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Plate Boundaries and Volcanic Eruptions

This page focuses on the types of plate boundaries and volcanic eruptions, which are crucial concepts in understanding what happens at a destructive plate boundary and other tectonic processes.

Types of Plate Boundaries

Destructive/Convergent Boundaries
- Oceanic/Oceanic The older, more dense plate subducts below the other, which is then heated and melts as it is forced deeper into the chamber. This process forms oceanic trenches.
- Continental/Continental Causes a powerful collision, as both plates are equally dense, preventing subduction. This process forms mountain ranges, such as the Himalayas.

Example The Mariana Trench, located in the western Pacific Ocean, is an example of a destructive plate boundary where oceanic-oceanic subduction occurs.

Constructive Boundaries
- Continental/Continental Plates move away from each other. The overlying plate is stretched thin until it breaks, causing earthquakes. This process forms rift valleys, and streams/rivers flow into the ridge to form long lakes.

Highlight Understanding constructive boundaries is essential for grasping what happens at a constructive plate boundary in A-level Geography.

Conservative Boundaries
- Mainly found on the ocean floor.
- Plates slide past each other, either at different speeds or in different directions.
- No volcanic activity occurs, but may cause shallow focus earthquakes.

Example The San Andreas Fault in California is a well-known conservative plate boundary example.

Types of Volcanic Eruptions

Hawaiian Type Lava slowly and easily escapes the vent. It is very runny and basaltic, resulting in gently sloped volcanoes.
Strombolian Gas explosions occur more frequently. Small but very frequent eruptions.
Vulcanian More violent but less frequent than Strombolian. Plugs of cooled lava may be ejected in blasts.
Vesuvian Extremely strong explosions, often occurring after a volcano has been lying dormant for a while. Gas and ash clouds fall over vast areas.
Krakatoan Exceptionally violent eruptions.
Plinian Usually the most violent, with massive amounts of lava, gas, and pyroclastic flow. Part of the volcano may be removed during the eruption.

Vocabulary Plinian eruption - An extremely violent volcanic eruption characterized by a tall, umbrella-shaped cloud of ash and gas that can reach the stratosphere.

Understanding these types of eruptions is crucial for students studying volcanic hazards in A-level Geography and learning about the three types of volcanic eruptions.

Sign up to see the contentIt's free!

Access to all documents

Improve your grades

Join milions of students

By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy

Types of Volcanoes

This page provides an overview of various volcano types and their characteristics, which is essential for understanding tectonic hazards in A-level geography.

Vocabulary Basaltic rock - A type of igneous rock formed from cooled lava, typically dark in color and low in silica content.

Example The Yellowstone Caldera in Wyoming, USA, is one of the largest known calderas in the world.

Composite Volcanoes are the most common on land and are found on destructive plate boundaries. They cause explosive and unpredictable eruptions.

Highlight Understanding the different types of volcanoes is crucial for revising A-level geography and comprehending the theory of plate tectonics.

Volcanic hazards are also discussed, including

Ash Clouds Small pieces of pulverized rock and gas shot into the atmosphere.
Volcanic Gases Sulphur dioxide, water vapor, and carbon dioxide emitted from volcanoes.
Lahars Volcanic mudflows that usually run down valleys on volcanoes.
Pyroclastic Flows Fast-moving currents of super-heated gas and ash, reaching temperatures of 1000°C and traveling at speeds up to 450 mph.
Volcanic Bombs Thick viscous lava fragments ejected from the mouth of a volcano.

Definition Pyroclastic flow - A dense, fast-moving flow of solidified lava pieces, volcanic ash, and hot gases that occurs during certain volcanic eruptions.