Storm hydrographs are graphical representations that show how storm hydrographs reflect river response to rainfall. These hydrographs illustrate the relationship between rainfall and river discharge over time during a specific storm event.

Key components of a storm hydrograph include:

1. Rising limb: The initial increase in river discharge following rainfall
2. Peak discharge: The maximum flow rate reached during the storm event
3. Recession limb: The gradual decrease in discharge as the storm subsides

Vocabulary: Discharge - The volume of water flowing through a river channel at a given point over time, typically measured in cubic meters per second $m³/s$.

Factors affecting the shape of a storm hydrograph include:

1. Drainage basin characteristics $size, shape, slope$
2. Soil type and permeability
3. Vegetation cover
4. Land use and urbanization
5. Antecedent moisture conditions

Example: A steep, urbanized drainage basin with impermeable surfaces will typically produce a hydrograph with a rapid rise to peak discharge and a steeper recession limb compared to a more natural, vegetated basin.

River regimes, which describe the typical annual variation in a river's discharge, are influenced by similar factors as those affecting drainage basins. Climate plays a major role in determining river regimes, with factors such as latitude and proximity to oceans influencing seasonal patterns of flow.

Highlight: Understanding storm hydrographs and river regimes is crucial for flood prediction and management, as well as water resource planning.

The global hydrological cycle operates as a closed system, meaning that there are no inputs or outputs external to the system. Instead, water is constantly recycled between different stores, each with its own residence time.

Key characteristics of the global water cycle as a closed system:

1. Constant total water volume on Earth
2. Water moves between stores through various processes
3. Residence times vary greatly between different stores

Example: Oceans have residence times of thousands of years, while lakes may have residence times of only a few years.

The limited availability of water for human use is due to several factors:

1. 97% of water is in oceans $saline$
2. 2% is locked in the cryosphere $ice and snow$
3. Only 1% is readily available freshwater
4. Uneven distribution of freshwater resources globally

Highlight: The scarcity of easily accessible freshwater emphasizes the importance of sustainable water management practices.

Unlike the global water cycle, drainage basins operate as open systems, influenced by external factors. The key components of a drainage basin system include:

1. Inputs: Primarily precipitation
2. Flows: Driven by gravity $e.g., infiltration, surface runoff$
3. Stores: Glaciers, rivers, oceans, plants, soils
4. Outputs: Channel flows to the sea, evapotranspiration

Definition: Drainage basin - An area of land drained by a river and its tributaries.

The open nature of drainage basin systems is evident in their interaction with external influences, such as:

1. Climate patterns affecting precipitation
2. Solar radiation driving evapotranspiration
3. Human activities altering land use and water flow

Vocabulary: Evapotranspiration - The combined process of evaporation from land surfaces and transpiration from vegetation.

Human activities can significantly impact drainage basin systems, altering their natural processes and water balance. Two major human factors influencing drainage basins are:

1. Deforestation: The removal of forest cover has several effects on the hydrological cycle within a drainage basin: Increased volume and rate of surface runoff Reduced interception of rainfall by tree canopies Decreased soil infiltration capacity Altered evapotranspiration rates

Highlight: Deforestation can lead to increased flood risk and soil erosion within a drainage basin.

2. Land use change and urbanization: The transformation of natural landscapes into urban areas has significant impacts on drainage basin hydrology: Creation of impermeable surfaces $e.g., roads, buildings$ reduces infiltration Increased surface runoff and faster delivery of water to rivers Altered natural drainage patterns through channelization and storm sewer systems Reduced evapotranspiration due to decreased vegetation cover

Example: Urban areas often experience more frequent and severe flooding compared to rural areas due to the high proportion of impermeable surfaces and modified drainage systems.

Understanding these human influences on drainage basins is crucial for effective water resource management and flood mitigation strategies. By recognizing the impacts of deforestation and urbanization, policymakers and planners can develop more sustainable approaches to land use and water management within drainage basins.

The global hydrological cycle is a complex system that describes the continuous movement of water on, above, and below the surface of the Earth. This cycle operates as a closed system on a global scale, with no external inputs or outputs. Water moves between different stores through various processes, including evaporation, condensation, precipitation, and runoff.

Vocabulary: Hydrological cycle - The continuous movement of water within the Earth and atmosphere.

The hydrosphere, which contains all of Earth's water, is composed of 97% saline water from oceans and only 3% freshwater. Of this freshwater, 69% is frozen in the cryosphere, 30% exists as groundwater, and only 0.3% is available as liquid freshwater in lakes and rivers.

Highlight: Only a small fraction of Earth's water is readily available for human use, making water management crucial.

Factors affecting precipitation and evapotranspiration include:

1. Climate
2. Latitude
3. Altitude
4. Proximity to water bodies
5. Vegetation cover

Example: Tropical rainforests experience high levels of precipitation and evapotranspiration due to their location near the equator and dense vegetation cover.

The impact of deforestation on the hydrological cycle is significant. Deforestation can lead to:

1. Increased surface runoff
2. Reduced infiltration
3. Altered evapotranspiration rates
4. Changes in local and regional precipitation patterns

Definition: Evapotranspiration - The process by which water is transferred from the land to the atmosphere by evaporation from the soil and other surfaces and by transpiration from plants.