Subjects

Careers

Open the App

Subjects

286

30 Apr 2023

5 pages

How Deforestation Changes Rain and Rivers

user profile picture

Maisie Wood

@alevel.revisionnotes

The global hydrological cycle is a complex system of water... Show more

Temperate
Polar Examples
durat
6
Alaska
{Local
Desert
V.
Tropical
Rainforest
Defeciv
Months
impactson
Soul / water
availability
water
Budget

Storm Hydrographs and River Response

Storm hydrographs are graphical representations that show how storm hydrographs reflect river response to rainfall. These hydrographs illustrate the relationship between rainfall and river discharge over time during a specific storm event.

Key components of a storm hydrograph include:

  1. Rising limb: The initial increase in river discharge following rainfall
  2. Peak discharge: The maximum flow rate reached during the storm event
  3. Recession limb: The gradual decrease in discharge as the storm subsides

Vocabulary: Discharge - The volume of water flowing through a river channel at a given point over time, typically measured in cubic meters per second m3/sm³/s.

Factors affecting the shape of a storm hydrograph include:

  1. Drainage basin characteristics size,shape,slopesize, shape, slope
  2. Soil type and permeability
  3. Vegetation cover
  4. Land use and urbanization
  5. Antecedent moisture conditions

Example: A steep, urbanized drainage basin with impermeable surfaces will typically produce a hydrograph with a rapid rise to peak discharge and a steeper recession limb compared to a more natural, vegetated basin.

River regimes, which describe the typical annual variation in a river's discharge, are influenced by similar factors as those affecting drainage basins. Climate plays a major role in determining river regimes, with factors such as latitude and proximity to oceans influencing seasonal patterns of flow.

Highlight: Understanding storm hydrographs and river regimes is crucial for flood prediction and management, as well as water resource planning.

Temperate
Polar Examples
durat
6
Alaska
{Local
Desert
V.
Tropical
Rainforest
Defeciv
Months
impactson
Soul / water
availability
water
Budget

The Water Cycle as a Closed System

The global hydrological cycle operates as a closed system, meaning that there are no inputs or outputs external to the system. Instead, water is constantly recycled between different stores, each with its own residence time.

Key characteristics of the global water cycle as a closed system:

  1. Constant total water volume on Earth
  2. Water moves between stores through various processes
  3. Residence times vary greatly between different stores

Example: Oceans have residence times of thousands of years, while lakes may have residence times of only a few years.

The limited availability of water for human use is due to several factors:

  1. 97% of water is in oceans salinesaline
  2. 2% is locked in the cryosphere iceandsnowice and snow
  3. Only 1% is readily available freshwater
  4. Uneven distribution of freshwater resources globally

Highlight: The scarcity of easily accessible freshwater emphasizes the importance of sustainable water management practices.

Temperate
Polar Examples
durat
6
Alaska
{Local
Desert
V.
Tropical
Rainforest
Defeciv
Months
impactson
Soul / water
availability
water
Budget

Drainage Basins as Open Systems

Unlike the global water cycle, drainage basins operate as open systems, influenced by external factors. The key components of a drainage basin system include:

  1. Inputs: Primarily precipitation
  2. Flows: Driven by gravity e.g.,infiltration,surfacerunoffe.g., infiltration, surface runoff
  3. Stores: Glaciers, rivers, oceans, plants, soils
  4. Outputs: Channel flows to the sea, evapotranspiration

Definition: Drainage basin - An area of land drained by a river and its tributaries.

The open nature of drainage basin systems is evident in their interaction with external influences, such as:

  1. Climate patterns affecting precipitation
  2. Solar radiation driving evapotranspiration
  3. Human activities altering land use and water flow

Vocabulary: Evapotranspiration - The combined process of evaporation from land surfaces and transpiration from vegetation.

Temperate
Polar Examples
durat
6
Alaska
{Local
Desert
V.
Tropical
Rainforest
Defeciv
Months
impactson
Soul / water
availability
water
Budget

Human Influences on Drainage Basins

Human activities can significantly impact drainage basin systems, altering their natural processes and water balance. Two major human factors influencing drainage basins are:

  1. Deforestation: The removal of forest cover has several effects on the hydrological cycle within a drainage basin: Increased volume and rate of surface runoff Reduced interception of rainfall by tree canopies Decreased soil infiltration capacity Altered evapotranspiration rates

Highlight: Deforestation can lead to increased flood risk and soil erosion within a drainage basin.

  1. Land use change and urbanization: The transformation of natural landscapes into urban areas has significant impacts on drainage basin hydrology: Creation of impermeable surfaces e.g.,roads,buildingse.g., roads, buildings reduces infiltration Increased surface runoff and faster delivery of water to rivers Altered natural drainage patterns through channelization and storm sewer systems Reduced evapotranspiration due to decreased vegetation cover

Example: Urban areas often experience more frequent and severe flooding compared to rural areas due to the high proportion of impermeable surfaces and modified drainage systems.

Understanding these human influences on drainage basins is crucial for effective water resource management and flood mitigation strategies. By recognizing the impacts of deforestation and urbanization, policymakers and planners can develop more sustainable approaches to land use and water management within drainage basins.

Temperate
Polar Examples
durat
6
Alaska
{Local
Desert
V.
Tropical
Rainforest
Defeciv
Months
impactson
Soul / water
availability
water
Budget

The Global Hydrological Cycle

The global hydrological cycle is a complex system that describes the continuous movement of water on, above, and below the surface of the Earth. This cycle operates as a closed system on a global scale, with no external inputs or outputs. Water moves between different stores through various processes, including evaporation, condensation, precipitation, and runoff.

Vocabulary: Hydrological cycle - The continuous movement of water within the Earth and atmosphere.

The hydrosphere, which contains all of Earth's water, is composed of 97% saline water from oceans and only 3% freshwater. Of this freshwater, 69% is frozen in the cryosphere, 30% exists as groundwater, and only 0.3% is available as liquid freshwater in lakes and rivers.

Highlight: Only a small fraction of Earth's water is readily available for human use, making water management crucial.

Factors affecting precipitation and evapotranspiration include:

  1. Climate
  2. Latitude
  3. Altitude
  4. Proximity to water bodies
  5. Vegetation cover

Example: Tropical rainforests experience high levels of precipitation and evapotranspiration due to their location near the equator and dense vegetation cover.

The impact of deforestation on the hydrological cycle is significant. Deforestation can lead to:

  1. Increased surface runoff
  2. Reduced infiltration
  3. Altered evapotranspiration rates
  4. Changes in local and regional precipitation patterns

Definition: Evapotranspiration - The process by which water is transferred from the land to the atmosphere by evaporation from the soil and other surfaces and by transpiration from plants.



Can't find what you're looking for? Explore other subjects.

Students love us — and so will you.

4.9/5

App Store

4.8/5

Google Play

The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.

Stefan S

iOS user

This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.

Samantha Klich

Android user

Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.

Anna

iOS user

Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good

Thomas R

iOS user

Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.

Basil

Android user

This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.

David K

iOS user

The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!

Sudenaz Ocak

Android user

In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.

Greenlight Bonnie

Android user

very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.

Rohan U

Android user

I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.

Xander S

iOS user

THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮

Elisha

iOS user

This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now

Paul T

iOS user

The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.

Stefan S

iOS user

This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.

Samantha Klich

Android user

Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.

Anna

iOS user

Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good

Thomas R

iOS user

Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.

Basil

Android user

This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.

David K

iOS user

The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!

Sudenaz Ocak

Android user

In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.

Greenlight Bonnie

Android user

very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.

Rohan U

Android user

I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.

Xander S

iOS user

THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮

Elisha

iOS user

This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now

Paul T

iOS user

 

Geography

286

30 Apr 2023

5 pages

How Deforestation Changes Rain and Rivers

user profile picture

Maisie Wood

@alevel.revisionnotes

The global hydrological cycle is a complex system of water movement and storage on Earth. It involves various processes and interactions between different components of the environment.

Bold keywords: Impact of deforestation on the hydrological cycle, Factors affecting... Show more

Temperate
Polar Examples
durat
6
Alaska
{Local
Desert
V.
Tropical
Rainforest
Defeciv
Months
impactson
Soul / water
availability
water
Budget

Sign up to see the contentIt's free!

Access to all documents

Improve your grades

Join milions of students

By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy

Storm Hydrographs and River Response

Storm hydrographs are graphical representations that show how storm hydrographs reflect river response to rainfall. These hydrographs illustrate the relationship between rainfall and river discharge over time during a specific storm event.

Key components of a storm hydrograph include:

  1. Rising limb: The initial increase in river discharge following rainfall
  2. Peak discharge: The maximum flow rate reached during the storm event
  3. Recession limb: The gradual decrease in discharge as the storm subsides

Vocabulary: Discharge - The volume of water flowing through a river channel at a given point over time, typically measured in cubic meters per second m3/sm³/s.

Factors affecting the shape of a storm hydrograph include:

  1. Drainage basin characteristics size,shape,slopesize, shape, slope
  2. Soil type and permeability
  3. Vegetation cover
  4. Land use and urbanization
  5. Antecedent moisture conditions

Example: A steep, urbanized drainage basin with impermeable surfaces will typically produce a hydrograph with a rapid rise to peak discharge and a steeper recession limb compared to a more natural, vegetated basin.

River regimes, which describe the typical annual variation in a river's discharge, are influenced by similar factors as those affecting drainage basins. Climate plays a major role in determining river regimes, with factors such as latitude and proximity to oceans influencing seasonal patterns of flow.

Highlight: Understanding storm hydrographs and river regimes is crucial for flood prediction and management, as well as water resource planning.

Temperate
Polar Examples
durat
6
Alaska
{Local
Desert
V.
Tropical
Rainforest
Defeciv
Months
impactson
Soul / water
availability
water
Budget

Sign up to see the contentIt's free!

Access to all documents

Improve your grades

Join milions of students

By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy

The Water Cycle as a Closed System

The global hydrological cycle operates as a closed system, meaning that there are no inputs or outputs external to the system. Instead, water is constantly recycled between different stores, each with its own residence time.

Key characteristics of the global water cycle as a closed system:

  1. Constant total water volume on Earth
  2. Water moves between stores through various processes
  3. Residence times vary greatly between different stores

Example: Oceans have residence times of thousands of years, while lakes may have residence times of only a few years.

The limited availability of water for human use is due to several factors:

  1. 97% of water is in oceans salinesaline
  2. 2% is locked in the cryosphere iceandsnowice and snow
  3. Only 1% is readily available freshwater
  4. Uneven distribution of freshwater resources globally

Highlight: The scarcity of easily accessible freshwater emphasizes the importance of sustainable water management practices.

Temperate
Polar Examples
durat
6
Alaska
{Local
Desert
V.
Tropical
Rainforest
Defeciv
Months
impactson
Soul / water
availability
water
Budget

Sign up to see the contentIt's free!

Access to all documents

Improve your grades

Join milions of students

By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy

Drainage Basins as Open Systems

Unlike the global water cycle, drainage basins operate as open systems, influenced by external factors. The key components of a drainage basin system include:

  1. Inputs: Primarily precipitation
  2. Flows: Driven by gravity e.g.,infiltration,surfacerunoffe.g., infiltration, surface runoff
  3. Stores: Glaciers, rivers, oceans, plants, soils
  4. Outputs: Channel flows to the sea, evapotranspiration

Definition: Drainage basin - An area of land drained by a river and its tributaries.

The open nature of drainage basin systems is evident in their interaction with external influences, such as:

  1. Climate patterns affecting precipitation
  2. Solar radiation driving evapotranspiration
  3. Human activities altering land use and water flow

Vocabulary: Evapotranspiration - The combined process of evaporation from land surfaces and transpiration from vegetation.

Temperate
Polar Examples
durat
6
Alaska
{Local
Desert
V.
Tropical
Rainforest
Defeciv
Months
impactson
Soul / water
availability
water
Budget

Sign up to see the contentIt's free!

Access to all documents

Improve your grades

Join milions of students

By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy

Human Influences on Drainage Basins

Human activities can significantly impact drainage basin systems, altering their natural processes and water balance. Two major human factors influencing drainage basins are:

  1. Deforestation: The removal of forest cover has several effects on the hydrological cycle within a drainage basin: Increased volume and rate of surface runoff Reduced interception of rainfall by tree canopies Decreased soil infiltration capacity Altered evapotranspiration rates

Highlight: Deforestation can lead to increased flood risk and soil erosion within a drainage basin.

  1. Land use change and urbanization: The transformation of natural landscapes into urban areas has significant impacts on drainage basin hydrology: Creation of impermeable surfaces e.g.,roads,buildingse.g., roads, buildings reduces infiltration Increased surface runoff and faster delivery of water to rivers Altered natural drainage patterns through channelization and storm sewer systems Reduced evapotranspiration due to decreased vegetation cover

Example: Urban areas often experience more frequent and severe flooding compared to rural areas due to the high proportion of impermeable surfaces and modified drainage systems.

Understanding these human influences on drainage basins is crucial for effective water resource management and flood mitigation strategies. By recognizing the impacts of deforestation and urbanization, policymakers and planners can develop more sustainable approaches to land use and water management within drainage basins.

Temperate
Polar Examples
durat
6
Alaska
{Local
Desert
V.
Tropical
Rainforest
Defeciv
Months
impactson
Soul / water
availability
water
Budget

Sign up to see the contentIt's free!

Access to all documents

Improve your grades

Join milions of students

By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy

The Global Hydrological Cycle

The global hydrological cycle is a complex system that describes the continuous movement of water on, above, and below the surface of the Earth. This cycle operates as a closed system on a global scale, with no external inputs or outputs. Water moves between different stores through various processes, including evaporation, condensation, precipitation, and runoff.

Vocabulary: Hydrological cycle - The continuous movement of water within the Earth and atmosphere.

The hydrosphere, which contains all of Earth's water, is composed of 97% saline water from oceans and only 3% freshwater. Of this freshwater, 69% is frozen in the cryosphere, 30% exists as groundwater, and only 0.3% is available as liquid freshwater in lakes and rivers.

Highlight: Only a small fraction of Earth's water is readily available for human use, making water management crucial.

Factors affecting precipitation and evapotranspiration include:

  1. Climate
  2. Latitude
  3. Altitude
  4. Proximity to water bodies
  5. Vegetation cover

Example: Tropical rainforests experience high levels of precipitation and evapotranspiration due to their location near the equator and dense vegetation cover.

The impact of deforestation on the hydrological cycle is significant. Deforestation can lead to:

  1. Increased surface runoff
  2. Reduced infiltration
  3. Altered evapotranspiration rates
  4. Changes in local and regional precipitation patterns

Definition: Evapotranspiration - The process by which water is transferred from the land to the atmosphere by evaporation from the soil and other surfaces and by transpiration from plants.

Can't find what you're looking for? Explore other subjects.

Students love us — and so will you.

4.9/5

App Store

4.8/5

Google Play

The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.

Stefan S

iOS user

This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.

Samantha Klich

Android user

Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.

Anna

iOS user

Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good

Thomas R

iOS user

Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.

Basil

Android user

This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.

David K

iOS user

The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!

Sudenaz Ocak

Android user

In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.

Greenlight Bonnie

Android user

very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.

Rohan U

Android user

I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.

Xander S

iOS user

THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮

Elisha

iOS user

This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now

Paul T

iOS user

The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.

Stefan S

iOS user

This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.

Samantha Klich

Android user

Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.

Anna

iOS user

Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good

Thomas R

iOS user

Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.

Basil

Android user

This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.

David K

iOS user

The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!

Sudenaz Ocak

Android user

In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.

Greenlight Bonnie

Android user

very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.

Rohan U

Android user

I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.

Xander S

iOS user

THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮

Elisha

iOS user

This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now

Paul T

iOS user