Maths
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Responding to change (a2 only)
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Organisms respond to changes in their internal and external environments (a-level only)
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Britain & the wider world: 1745 -1901
1l the quest for political stability: germany, 1871-1991
The cold war
Inter-war germany
Medieval period: 1066 -1509
2d religious conflict and the church in england, c1529-c1570
2o democracy and nazism: germany, 1918-1945
1f industrialisation and the people: britain, c1783-1885
1c the tudors: england, 1485-1603
2m wars and welfare: britain in transition, 1906-1957
World war two & the holocaust
2n revolution and dictatorship: russia, 1917-1953
2s the making of modern britain, 1951-2007
World war one
Britain: 1509 -1745
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Geography
21 Dec 2025
112
2 pages
Holly Carnson @hollycarnson_eakb
Rivers change dramatically as they flow through their middle course, transforming from fast-flowing mountain streams into meandering waterways.... Show more
Your river's personality completely shifts in the middle course - it slows down and starts carving elegant curves across the landscape. The main job here is transportation, moving sediment downstream rather than just cutting downwards like in the upper course.
Meanders are the star feature of this section. These S-shaped bends form because the river erodes from side to side rather than straight down. The land here is moderately sloping, giving the river room to wiggle about.
Two key features appear on every meander bend. The river beach forms on the inside bend where slow-moving water drops larger pebbles and sediment. Meanwhile, the river cliff develops on the outside bend where faster water undercuts the bank through erosion.
Quick Tip Remember that fast water erodes whilst slow water deposits . This pattern never changes!
The flatter valley floor makes this area perfect for human activities. Farming thrives here because the soil is fertile and the land is easier to work. Towns and villages pop up along these stretches, and recreational activities like fishing and camping become popular.
Understanding how meanders form is actually quite straightforward once you grasp the energy differences. On the outside bend, fast-flowing water packs more energy, leading to intense erosion through hydraulic action and abrasion. This creates the steep river cliff and deeper water.
The inside bend tells a completely different story. Here, slow-moving water lacks energy, so deposition dominates. Sediment gets dumped, forming the gently sloping river beach in shallow water. This continuous process of "erode outside, deposit inside" gradually creates the meander's distinctive shape.
Oxbow lakes form when meanders become too extreme for their own good. Continuous erosion narrows the "neck" of the meander until high flow periods allow the river to cut straight through, creating a new direct channel.
Remember Oxbow lakes are temporary features - they'll eventually dry up and disappear from the landscape.
Once the river finds this shortcut, all the energy focuses on the new channel. The old meander gets cut off as deposition blocks both its entrance and exit. What's left behind is a curved oxbow lake that will gradually fill with sediment and vegetation over time.
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
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Transform this note into: ✓ 50+ Practice Questions ✓ Interactive Flashcards ✓ Full Mock Exam ✓ Essay Outlines
Explore the dynamics of coastal systems, including sediment transport, erosion, and deposition processes. This summary covers high and low energy coasts, sediment budgets, and the impact of tides and currents on coastal landscapes. Ideal for A-Level Geography students seeking to understand coastal processes and their implications.
GeographyExplore the dynamic processes of coastal systems, focusing on the littoral zone, wave types, sediment cells, and the impact of long-term and short-term changes. This summary covers key concepts such as erosion, deposition, sediment budgets, and dynamic equilibrium, essential for Edexcel A Level Geography students.
GeographyExplore the formation of various coastal landforms including swash and drift aligned beaches, wave cut platforms, and salt marshes. This summary provides detailed explanations and diagrams illustrating the processes of erosion, deposition, and sediment transport that shape our coastlines. Ideal for geography students studying coastal systems.
GeographyExplore the intricate processes shaping coastal landscapes, including wave dynamics, sediment transport, and the impact of tides. This comprehensive overview covers key concepts such as erosion, deposition, and the influence of human activity on coastal systems. Ideal for students studying coastal geography and environmental science.
GeographyExplore the complexities of coastal management through this detailed case study. This resource covers key concepts such as coastal landscapes, hard engineering techniques, and the impact of human activities on coastal systems. Ideal for A-Level Geography students, this mindmap provides a comprehensive overview of coastal erosion, restoration projects, and the socio-economic implications of coastal management. Enhance your understanding of the dynamic interactions between natural processes and human interventions along coastlines.
GeographyExplore the key processes shaping coastal landscapes, including erosional and depositional landforms, longshore drift, and the impact of waves. This summary covers essential concepts for Pearson Edexcel ‘A’ Level Geography, focusing on how these landforms contribute to coastal systems and environments.
GeographyApp Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
Holly Carnson
@hollycarnson_eakb
Rivers change dramatically as they flow through their middle course, transforming from fast-flowing mountain streams into meandering waterways. This is where rivers start to snake across the landscape, creating fascinating features like river beaches, cliffs, and oxbow lakes through the... Show more
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Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Your river's personality completely shifts in the middle course - it slows down and starts carving elegant curves across the landscape. The main job here is transportation, moving sediment downstream rather than just cutting downwards like in the upper course.
Meanders are the star feature of this section. These S-shaped bends form because the river erodes from side to side rather than straight down. The land here is moderately sloping, giving the river room to wiggle about.
Two key features appear on every meander bend. The river beach forms on the inside bend where slow-moving water drops larger pebbles and sediment. Meanwhile, the river cliff develops on the outside bend where faster water undercuts the bank through erosion.
Quick Tip: Remember that fast water erodes whilst slow water deposits . This pattern never changes!
The flatter valley floor makes this area perfect for human activities. Farming thrives here because the soil is fertile and the land is easier to work. Towns and villages pop up along these stretches, and recreational activities like fishing and camping become popular.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Understanding how meanders form is actually quite straightforward once you grasp the energy differences. On the outside bend, fast-flowing water packs more energy, leading to intense erosion through hydraulic action and abrasion. This creates the steep river cliff and deeper water.
The inside bend tells a completely different story. Here, slow-moving water lacks energy, so deposition dominates. Sediment gets dumped, forming the gently sloping river beach in shallow water. This continuous process of "erode outside, deposit inside" gradually creates the meander's distinctive shape.
Oxbow lakes form when meanders become too extreme for their own good. Continuous erosion narrows the "neck" of the meander until high flow periods allow the river to cut straight through, creating a new direct channel.
Remember: Oxbow lakes are temporary features - they'll eventually dry up and disappear from the landscape.
Once the river finds this shortcut, all the energy focuses on the new channel. The old meander gets cut off as deposition blocks both its entrance and exit. What's left behind is a curved oxbow lake that will gradually fill with sediment and vegetation over time.
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
3
Smart Tools NEW
Transform this note into: ✓ 50+ Practice Questions ✓ Interactive Flashcards ✓ Full Mock Exam ✓ Essay Outlines
Explore the dynamics of coastal systems, including sediment transport, erosion, and deposition processes. This summary covers high and low energy coasts, sediment budgets, and the impact of tides and currents on coastal landscapes. Ideal for A-Level Geography students seeking to understand coastal processes and their implications.
GeographyExplore the dynamic processes of coastal systems, focusing on the littoral zone, wave types, sediment cells, and the impact of long-term and short-term changes. This summary covers key concepts such as erosion, deposition, sediment budgets, and dynamic equilibrium, essential for Edexcel A Level Geography students.
GeographyExplore the formation of various coastal landforms including swash and drift aligned beaches, wave cut platforms, and salt marshes. This summary provides detailed explanations and diagrams illustrating the processes of erosion, deposition, and sediment transport that shape our coastlines. Ideal for geography students studying coastal systems.
GeographyExplore the intricate processes shaping coastal landscapes, including wave dynamics, sediment transport, and the impact of tides. This comprehensive overview covers key concepts such as erosion, deposition, and the influence of human activity on coastal systems. Ideal for students studying coastal geography and environmental science.
GeographyExplore the complexities of coastal management through this detailed case study. This resource covers key concepts such as coastal landscapes, hard engineering techniques, and the impact of human activities on coastal systems. Ideal for A-Level Geography students, this mindmap provides a comprehensive overview of coastal erosion, restoration projects, and the socio-economic implications of coastal management. Enhance your understanding of the dynamic interactions between natural processes and human interventions along coastlines.
GeographyExplore the key processes shaping coastal landscapes, including erosional and depositional landforms, longshore drift, and the impact of waves. This summary covers essential concepts for Pearson Edexcel ‘A’ Level Geography, focusing on how these landforms contribute to coastal systems and environments.
GeographyApp Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
Sociology