Maths
Chemistry
Biology
English Language
History
Responding to change (a2 only)
Infection and response
Homeostasis and response
Energy transfers (a2 only)
Cell biology
Organisms respond to changes in their internal and external environments (a-level only)
Biological molecules
Organisation
Substance exchange
Bioenergetics
Genetic information & variation
Inheritance, variation and evolution
Genetics & ecosystems (a2 only)
Ecology
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Britain & the wider world: 1745 -1901
1l the quest for political stability: germany, 1871-1991
The cold war
Inter-war germany
Medieval period: 1066 -1509
2d religious conflict and the church in england, c1529-c1570
2o democracy and nazism: germany, 1918-1945
1f industrialisation and the people: britain, c1783-1885
1c the tudors: england, 1485-1603
2m wars and welfare: britain in transition, 1906-1957
World war two & the holocaust
2n revolution and dictatorship: russia, 1917-1953
2s the making of modern britain, 1951-2007
World war one
Britain: 1509 -1745
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Geography
13 Dec 2025
27
3 pages
nicole.nino.p @nicole.nino.p
Ever wondered how those dramatic mountain landscapes in places like the Lake District were carved out? It's all... Show more
Britain looked completely different during the Pleistocene Epoch, which lasted from 2.6 million to 11,700 years ago. Massive Scandinavian ice sheets advanced over the UK during cold periods called glacials, with warmer interglacial periods in between. We're now living in the Holocene Epoch - basically a warm period after the last ice age.
Glacial erosion happens through two main processes that literally reshape mountains. Plucking occurs when glaciers freeze onto rocks and rip them away as they move, leaving jagged, dramatic landscapes behind. Abrasion works like giant sandpaper - rocks and debris carried by glaciers scrape against bedrock, smoothing surfaces and creating grooves called striations.
Corries are those distinctive armchair-shaped hollows you see on mountainsides, like Red Tarn in the Lake District. They form when snow builds up, compacts into ice, and creates a small glacier that carves out the hollow through erosion. When the ice melts, you often get a small lake called a tarn.
Quick Tip Think of glaciers as nature's bulldozers - they don't just melt away, they actively carve and shape the landscape as they move.
When two corries erode back towards each other, they create an arête - a narrow, knife-edged ridge that's perfect for extreme sports. Striding Edge in the Lake District is probably the most famous example, offering incredible scrambling opportunities for adventure seekers.
Pyramidal peaks form when three or more corries erode towards the same central point, creating those classic sharp, pointed mountains you see in photos. Meanwhile, glaciers transform existing V-shaped river valleys into wide, deep U-shaped valleys (or glacial troughs) like Great Langdale Valley.
Hanging valleys create some spectacular waterfalls. They form where smaller tributary glaciers join larger main glaciers - since the smaller glacier doesn't erode as deeply, its valley gets left 'hanging' above the main valley. Truncated spurs are the steep cliffs created when glaciers cut straight through ridges.
Ribbon lakes like Windermere form when glaciers flow over alternating hard and soft rock. The softer rock gets carved deeper, and when the ice melts, water collects in these elongated depressions - perfect for sailing and water skiing today.
Remember These aren't just geographical features - they're the foundation for modern outdoor recreation and tourism!
The Lake District pulls in a massive 16.4 million tourists every year, with Lake Windermere alone attracting 1 million visitors. It's home to Scafell Pike (England's highest mountain) and famous writers like Beatrix Potter, making it a cultural hotspot as well as a natural wonder.
But this popularity creates serious problems. 89% of visitors arrive by car, causing traffic nightmares, whilst 20% of properties are second homes, pricing out young locals. The average house costs 13 times the average income, forcing families to leave the area entirely.
The environmental impact is equally concerning. Footpath erosion on Helvellyn created an 8-metre-wide scar, whilst walkers damage farmland and disturb livestock with unleashed dogs. It's a classic conflict between conservation and recreation.
Smart management strategies are fighting back though. The 'Fix the Fells' programme uses volunteers and sheep wool to repair mountain paths, making erosion almost invisible. Park and ride schemes like the Honister Rambler tackle traffic, whilst councils removed tax rebates for second homes and built 172 affordable homes exclusively for locals.
Success Story Tourism contributes over £1.1 billion and creates 16,000 jobs - proving that with proper management, conservation and economic benefits can work together.
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
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Transform this note into: ✓ 50+ Practice Questions ✓ Interactive Flashcards ✓ Full Mock Exam ✓ Essay Outlines
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The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
nicole.nino.p
@nicole.nino.p
Ever wondered how those dramatic mountain landscapes in places like the Lake District were carved out? It's all thanks to massive glaciers that scraped across Britain during the last ice age, creating everything from knife-edge ridges to deep U-shaped valleys... Show more
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Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Britain looked completely different during the Pleistocene Epoch, which lasted from 2.6 million to 11,700 years ago. Massive Scandinavian ice sheets advanced over the UK during cold periods called glacials, with warmer interglacial periods in between. We're now living in the Holocene Epoch - basically a warm period after the last ice age.
Glacial erosion happens through two main processes that literally reshape mountains. Plucking occurs when glaciers freeze onto rocks and rip them away as they move, leaving jagged, dramatic landscapes behind. Abrasion works like giant sandpaper - rocks and debris carried by glaciers scrape against bedrock, smoothing surfaces and creating grooves called striations.
Corries are those distinctive armchair-shaped hollows you see on mountainsides, like Red Tarn in the Lake District. They form when snow builds up, compacts into ice, and creates a small glacier that carves out the hollow through erosion. When the ice melts, you often get a small lake called a tarn.
Quick Tip: Think of glaciers as nature's bulldozers - they don't just melt away, they actively carve and shape the landscape as they move.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
When two corries erode back towards each other, they create an arête - a narrow, knife-edged ridge that's perfect for extreme sports. Striding Edge in the Lake District is probably the most famous example, offering incredible scrambling opportunities for adventure seekers.
Pyramidal peaks form when three or more corries erode towards the same central point, creating those classic sharp, pointed mountains you see in photos. Meanwhile, glaciers transform existing V-shaped river valleys into wide, deep U-shaped valleys (or glacial troughs) like Great Langdale Valley.
Hanging valleys create some spectacular waterfalls. They form where smaller tributary glaciers join larger main glaciers - since the smaller glacier doesn't erode as deeply, its valley gets left 'hanging' above the main valley. Truncated spurs are the steep cliffs created when glaciers cut straight through ridges.
Ribbon lakes like Windermere form when glaciers flow over alternating hard and soft rock. The softer rock gets carved deeper, and when the ice melts, water collects in these elongated depressions - perfect for sailing and water skiing today.
Remember: These aren't just geographical features - they're the foundation for modern outdoor recreation and tourism!
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
The Lake District pulls in a massive 16.4 million tourists every year, with Lake Windermere alone attracting 1 million visitors. It's home to Scafell Pike (England's highest mountain) and famous writers like Beatrix Potter, making it a cultural hotspot as well as a natural wonder.
But this popularity creates serious problems. 89% of visitors arrive by car, causing traffic nightmares, whilst 20% of properties are second homes, pricing out young locals. The average house costs 13 times the average income, forcing families to leave the area entirely.
The environmental impact is equally concerning. Footpath erosion on Helvellyn created an 8-metre-wide scar, whilst walkers damage farmland and disturb livestock with unleashed dogs. It's a classic conflict between conservation and recreation.
Smart management strategies are fighting back though. The 'Fix the Fells' programme uses volunteers and sheep wool to repair mountain paths, making erosion almost invisible. Park and ride schemes like the Honister Rambler tackle traffic, whilst councils removed tax rebates for second homes and built 172 affordable homes exclusively for locals.
Success Story: Tourism contributes over £1.1 billion and creates 16,000 jobs - proving that with proper management, conservation and economic benefits can work together.
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
0
Smart Tools NEW
Transform this note into: ✓ 50+ Practice Questions ✓ Interactive Flashcards ✓ Full Mock Exam ✓ Essay Outlines
Quotes from every main character
English LiteratureApp Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
Sociology