AQA Geography GCSE Paper 1 - Key Case Studies

Haiti Earthquake 2010: When Disaster Meets Poverty

Haiti's 2010 earthquake shows exactly why being prepared matters. This magnitude 7 earthquake struck one of the world's poorest countries, where 80% of people lived on just $2 per day. The timing couldn't have been worse - hitting the capital Port-au-Prince at 4:53pm when the city was bustling with activity.

The immediate impacts were catastrophic: 316,000 people died, 80% of buildings in the capital were destroyed, and 4.3 million people needed food aid. What made things worse was that key infrastructure collapsed - hospitals, schools, and even prisons were damaged, with 4,000 prisoners escaping.

International aid poured in quickly, with the USA sending $100 million and the EU contributing €300 million. However, poor government preparation and lack of building regulations meant the response was chaotic. The damaged airport and port delayed aid delivery, and contaminated water supplies led to a cholera outbreak.

Key Point: Haiti's poverty and lack of preparation turned a natural disaster into a humanitarian catastrophe that took years to recover from.

Typhoon Haiyan 2013: Super Storm Hits the Philippines

Typhoon Haiyan became one of the most powerful storms ever recorded when it smashed into the Philippines in November 2013. With winds reaching 195mph and a devastating storm surge, this Category 5 typhoon showed nature at its most destructive.

The primary impacts were severe but more contained than Haiti's earthquake - 6,300 people died (mostly from drowning), 600,000 were displaced, and 14 million faced food shortages. Fishing boats were destroyed across coastal areas, crippling the local economy that many families depended on.

What's impressive is how quickly the response kicked in. Evacuation centres were set up in 1,200 schools and churches, while countries like Canada, USA, and Japan sent search and rescue teams. The Philippine Red Cross distributed tents, and international aid provided food, medicine, and temporary shelter.

Long-term recovery focused on "building back better" - mangroves were planted to protect shorelines, fishing boats were replaced, and by 2016, 6 million people had found new sources of income. The UN's "cash for work" programme even paid people to clean up debris.

Key Point: Unlike Haiti, the Philippines' better preparation and swift international response helped communities bounce back more effectively.

Somerset Levels 2014: When Britain Goes Under Water

The Somerset Levels flooding in 2014 proved that even wealthy countries aren't immune to natural disasters. This low-lying area of southwest England, originally natural wetland converted to farmland, got absolutely hammered by extreme weather.

Heavy precipitation - 350mm of rain in just two months - combined with high tides and poor river maintenance created the perfect storm. The Rivers Tone and Parrett hadn't been properly dredged since the 1990s, so sediment had built up, reducing the channels' carrying capacity.

Over 600 homes were flood damaged, 16 farms were evacuated (along with their livestock), and entire villages like Moorland were cut off for weeks. The economic impact was huge - Somerset lost £200 million in tourism revenue, and insurance companies hiked up premiums for everyone.

The response showed British efficiency in action: 65 pumps removed 65 million cubic metres of water, the fire brigade deployed pump equipment, and the Environment Agency distributed sandbags. Long-term solutions included dredging 4km of rivers and building the £100 million Bridgwater flood barrier.

Key Point: Even in developed countries, ignoring maintenance and environmental management can lead to costly disasters.

Medmerry Coastal Management: Planning for Rising Seas

The Medmerry coastal management scheme shows how sometimes you need to give ground to win the war against the sea. Instead of fighting nature, this £28 million project took a completely different approach to coastal flooding.

The plan was radical but logical: let the sea flood 183 hectares of low-value farmland to protect 348 properties inland. A new sea wall was built 110 metres inland, with rock armour for extra protection. It might sound like giving up, but it's actually brilliant forward planning.

The positive outcomes have been impressive. The managed flooding created new salt marsh habitats, which are fantastic for wildlife and brilliant at absorbing wave energy naturally. Tourism has increased as birdwatchers flock to see the new ecosystems, generating income for the local community.

However, not everyone was happy. Some argued the £28 million cost wasn't justified, especially when the previous flood defences had worked reasonably well. Local farmers obviously weren't thrilled about losing productive land either.

Key Point: Sometimes the smartest coastal defence is strategic retreat - working with nature rather than against it.

Holderness Coast: Europe's Vanishing Shoreline

The Holderness coastline in East Yorkshire is literally disappearing before our eyes - it's the fastest eroding coastline in Europe, losing 1.8 to 2 metres every year. Since Roman times, 23 entire villages have been swallowed by the North Sea.

Several factors make this coastline so vulnerable. The boulder clay geology is soft and unconsolidated, easily eroded by waves. The North Sea has an 800km fetch, meaning waves build up massive energy before hitting the coast. Add climate change and rising sea levels, and you've got a recipe for coastal destruction.

Mass movement through rotational slumping makes things worse - the permeable rock gets waterlogged, making the cliff base unstable and prone to collapse. Narrow beaches offer little protection, so waves attack the cliffs directly with full force.

The response has been mixed success. Mappleton's rock groynes (costing £2 million in 1991) successfully protected that village but starved beaches further south of sediment, actually increasing erosion at places like Hornsea. It's a classic example of how protecting one area can create problems elsewhere.

Towns like Bridlington (population 33,000) get full protection with sea walls and rock armour, while smaller settlements like Easington face "managed retreat" - basically planned abandonment as the sea advances.

Key Point: You can't stop coastal erosion everywhere - tough decisions about what to save and what to sacrifice are inevitable.

Desertification: When Good Land Goes Bad

Desertification isn't just about deserts growing bigger - it's about productive land becoming degraded and useless, usually because of human activities and climate change. The scale is mind-blowing: 12 million hectares become desert every year, and 135 million people live on the margins of existing deserts.

The Sahel region of Africa shows how multiple causes combine to create disaster. Climate change is raising temperatures by 2°C and reducing rainfall, while rapid population growth puts pressure on the land. Farmers practise overcultivation, depleting soil nutrients, then clear new areas when yields drop.

Overgrazing by nomadic farmers' goats strips away protective vegetation, exposing soil to wind and water erosion. People cut down trees for fuelwood, removing the roots that hold soil together. It's a vicious cycle - environmental degradation leads to poverty, which forces people to exploit the land even more.

The impacts cascade through society: reduced crop yields lead to food scarcity and malnutrition, affecting 6.3 million people in the Sahel alone. Seasonal rivers dry up, biodiversity collapses, and air pollution from dust storms causes respiratory problems.

Solutions focus on working with nature rather than against it. Afforestation provides shade and soil binding, while the Great Green Wall project aims to plant trees across the entire Sahel. Stone bunds trap fertile soil and water, and drip irrigation maximises crop yield per drop of water.

Key Point: Desertification shows how environmental and social problems feed off each other - but community-based solutions can break the cycle.