Dharavi Slum and Urban Challenges

Dharavi, one of Mumbai's largest slums, exemplifies the city's urban challenges. Located about 1 km north of Mumbai's Central Business District $CBD$, Dharavi is situated on marshland and surrounded by two railway lines.

The slum's conditions severely impact residents' quality of life:

1. Lack of sanitation, with 500 people often sharing a single toilet
2. Limited access to clean water, with long queues for water supply
3. Air pollution contributing to health issues like asthma
4. Absence of legal rights to land, leading to insecurity and lack of privacy

Definition: Slum clearance refers to the demolition of slums, often against the wishes of slum dwellers.

Vision Mumbai, a $30 billion top-down project, aims to address these issues through slum clearance. However, this approach has both benefits and drawbacks:

Benefits:

• Creation of thousands of jobs through new offices and shops
• Economic boost to Mumbai's economy

Problems:

• Only about 50% of residents receive alternative housing
• Destruction of traditional industries in Dharavi, leading to job losses

Quote: "Over 1/2 of residents will not be given a flat" - highlighting the controversial nature of slum clearance projects.

Mumbai's Transport Challenges

Mumbai faces significant transportation issues, primarily due to its rapid growth and geographical constraints.

Key problems include:

1. Narrow roads
2. Rapidly increasing car ownership
3. Wealthier residents moving to suburbs, increasing commute distances

The city's train network is particularly strained:

• Old railway infrastructure
• Limited rail lines and bridges due to Mumbai's CBD being located on an island

Highlight: Mumbai's trains are notoriously overcrowded, posing safety risks and reducing quality of life for commuters.

To address these challenges, Mumbai has implemented several strategies:

1. Widening existing roads and constructing new ones
2. Investing in new trains, increasing passenger capacity by 30%
3. Relocating 100,000 slum dwellers to allow for infrastructure improvements
4. Introducing flexible working hours to reduce peak congestion

Improving Lives in Dharavi

Despite the challenges, there are initiatives aimed at improving life in Dharavi. One such approach is micro-credit:

Definition: Micro-credit involves providing small loans to individuals who might not qualify for traditional bank loans.

Benefits of micro-credit in Dharavi:

1. Loans used for education and business start-ups
2. Increased earning potential for residents
3. Improved access to better food, clothing, housing, and education
4. Creation of local employment opportunities
5. Positive multiplier effect, increasing the overall wealth of the area

Example: A resident using a micro-credit loan to start a small business, which then employs other local people, demonstrates the potential for community-wide benefits.

Sydney: A Comparative Case Study

To provide context for Mumbai's challenges, the document also examines Sydney, Australia as another global city facing urban issues.

Location: Southeast Australia

Global city status factors:

1. Presence of multinational corporation headquarters
2. International airport and port
3. Excellent universities
4. Major international tourist destination

Highlight: Comparing Mumbai and Sydney illustrates how urban challenges can vary between developed and developing countries.

Sydney's urban problems:

1. Traffic congestion
2. Water shortages due to climate
3. Homelessness and high housing prices
4. Large volume of waste

Sydney's sustainability initiatives:

1. Construction of desalination plants to address water shortages
2. Building 5-10% of new homes as low-cost housing
3. $600 million investment in improving the railway network
4. Expansion of recycling centers, now recycling 63% of waste

Global Trends in Urbanization

The document provides insights into the changing distribution of the world's largest megacities since 1950:

1. In 1950, only two megacities existed: New York and Tokyo, both in High-Income Countries $HICs$
2. By the present day, the number has increased to 28 megacities
3. The fastest growth has occurred in Asia, particularly in Middle-Income Countries $MICs$ and Low-Income Countries $LICs$
4. Africa and South America have also seen significant growth in megacities

Vocabulary:

• Global city: A city of global importance
• Megacity: A city with more than 10 million residents
• Natural increase: When more people are born than die in a population

Key Urban Processes

The document concludes by defining important urban processes:

1. Urbanization: The process of cities or towns expanding and growing larger
2. Suburbanization: Growth of suburbs on the outer edge of settlements as new houses and services are built
3. Counter-urbanization: Increase in village populations due to migration from urban areas, often related to commuter settlements
4. Infill: Building within unused land within existing urban areas

Highlight: Understanding these processes is crucial for analyzing urban development patterns in both developed and developing countries.

This comprehensive overview of Mumbai's urban challenges, along with comparisons to Sydney and global trends, provides valuable insights for students studying Eduqas Geography at GCSE or A-level. The case study of Mumbai offers a rich example of urbanization issues in a rapidly developing country, while also touching on broader themes of global urban development.

Hydrological Systems

This section provides detailed information about water cycles and hydrological processes.

Vocabulary: Key hydrological terms including interception, transpiration, infiltration, run-off, through flow, and discharge

Geographical Formations

The eighth page explains the formation of waterfalls and gorges through erosional processes.

Definition: Plunge pool - A deep basin formed at the base of a waterfall through erosional processes

Mumbai's Location and Global Significance

Mumbai, located on India's west coast along the Arabian Sea, has emerged as a major global city. Its strategic position and economic importance make it a crucial case study for urban geography.

Highlight: Mumbai is considered a global city due to its concentration of multinational corporation headquarters, major international airport and port, and prestigious universities.

The city's growth has been driven by both push and pull factors:

Push factors from rural areas include drought, lack of employment, limited education, unsafe water, and power supply issues. Pull factors attracting migrants to Mumbai include better access to healthcare, education, jobs in secondary and tertiary sectors, and affordable housing for low-skilled workers.

Example: Mumbai handles 40% of India's international flights, cementing its status as a major trading center.

Vocabulary: Push factors are reasons for leaving a place, while pull factors are reasons for moving to a place.