Maths
Chemistry
Biology
English Language
History
Responding to change (a2 only)
Infection and response
Homeostasis and response
Energy transfers (a2 only)
Cell biology
Organisms respond to changes in their internal and external environments (a-level only)
Biological molecules
Organisation
Substance exchange
Bioenergetics
Genetic information & variation
Inheritance, variation and evolution
Genetics & ecosystems (a2 only)
Ecology
Cells
Show all topics
Britain & the wider world: 1745 -1901
1l the quest for political stability: germany, 1871-1991
The cold war
Inter-war germany
Medieval period: 1066 -1509
2d religious conflict and the church in england, c1529-c1570
2o democracy and nazism: germany, 1918-1945
1f industrialisation and the people: britain, c1783-1885
1c the tudors: england, 1485-1603
2m wars and welfare: britain in transition, 1906-1957
World war two & the holocaust
2n revolution and dictatorship: russia, 1917-1953
2s the making of modern britain, 1951-2007
World war one
Britain: 1509 -1745
Show all topics
Geography
5 Dec 2025
316
4 pages
Hugo @hugocole
Svalbard is a fascinating Norwegian territory in the Arctic Ocean that shows how humans can survive and even... Show more
Picture living somewhere so cold that trees literally can't grow and summer feels like a British winter day. Svalbard sits between Norway and the North Pole, home to just 2,700 brave souls who've made this frozen wilderness their home.
The climate here is absolutely brutal - summer temperatures hover around 3-7°C (forget your shorts!), whilst winter plunges to a bone-chilling -13 to -20°C. Glaciers blanket 60% of the land, with the rest being barren rock and tundra that looks like something from another planet.
Despite these harsh conditions, Svalbard isn't just surviving - it's finding ways to prosper. The territory has unlocked opportunities in mineral extraction, energy production, fishing, and tourism that are transforming this frozen landscape into a surprisingly dynamic place to live and work.
Did You Know? There's no arable farming in Svalbard because it's simply too cold for crops to grow - everything has to be imported!
Svalbard proves that even the most challenging environments can offer incredible opportunities. Coal mining remains the backbone of the economy, employing 300 people despite growing environmental concerns about greenhouse gas emissions. A new mine opened in Svea in 2014, showing this industry isn't slowing down yet.
Energy development is getting exciting as Svalbard explores its options. Currently, the territory burns locally mined coal at Longyearbyen power station - Norway's only coal-fired facility. However, plans are underway for geothermal energy, taking advantage of Svalbard's location near the Mid-Atlantic Ridge where hot rocks sit close to the surface.
The Barents Sea is an absolute goldmine for fishing, boasting over 150 fish species including cod, haddock, and herring. Meanwhile, extreme tourism is booming as 70,000 visitors flock to see polar bears, northern lights, and glaciers - with 30,000 arriving by cruise ship alone.
Future Focus Carbon capture and storage technology could revolutionise how Svalbard generates electricity whilst reducing environmental impact!
Living in Svalbard means facing challenges that would make most people pack their bags immediately. Extreme temperatures regularly drop below -20°C, forcing residents to layer up like Arctic explorers just to pop outside. Construction work becomes nearly impossible as workers struggle to move in bulky protective clothing.
Accessibility is perhaps the biggest headache of all. Most areas remain completely cut off due to the harsh climate and remote location. International travel is limited to flights from Norway or Russia, or boats (good luck in winter when sea ice blocks everything). There are only 50km of roads - all in Longyearbyen - so forget about driving anywhere else.
The landscape itself fights against development at every turn. Mountains, glaciers, and fjords dominate the terrain, making vast areas completely unreachable. During winter, your only transport option is a snow mobile, and that's assuming you can even get to where you want to go.
Food security adds another layer of complexity - since nothing grows here, absolutely everything must be imported at significant cost and effort.
Reality Check Healthcare becomes incredibly challenging when you can't easily transport patients or medical supplies to remote areas!
Constructing anything in Svalbard feels like playing life on expert mode. Construction work is crammed into the brief summer months because working outdoors in extreme cold with limited daylight is simply brutal for workers.
Permafrost used to provide rock-solid foundations, but climate change is turning this advantage into a disaster. As temperatures rise, the permafrost thaws, making ground unstable and causing houses to sink or even collapse completely. It's gotten so bad that 10% of Longyearbyen's population has been evacuated due to avalanche risks.
Utilities require creative engineering solutions that seem almost comical. All pipes - water, sewage, the lot - are raised above ground to prevent freezing. Water gets heated before entering homes, and most roads are simple gravel tracks raised above the surface because they're cheap and surprisingly effective.
These infrastructure challenges show how climate change isn't just an environmental issue - it's reshaping how entire communities live, work, and build their futures.
Engineering Marvel Raised pipes might look odd, but they're a brilliant solution that keeps water flowing when underground pipes would freeze solid!
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
10
Smart Tools NEW
Transform this note into: ✓ 50+ Practice Questions ✓ Interactive Flashcards ✓ Full Mock Exam ✓ Essay Outlines
Quotes from every main character
English LiteratureApp Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
Hugo
@hugocole
Svalbard is a fascinating Norwegian territory in the Arctic Ocean that shows how humans can survive and even thrive in one of Earth's most extreme environments. Despite brutal temperatures and massive challenges, this icy archipelago has developed unique opportunities for... Show more
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Picture living somewhere so cold that trees literally can't grow and summer feels like a British winter day. Svalbard sits between Norway and the North Pole, home to just 2,700 brave souls who've made this frozen wilderness their home.
The climate here is absolutely brutal - summer temperatures hover around 3-7°C (forget your shorts!), whilst winter plunges to a bone-chilling -13 to -20°C. Glaciers blanket 60% of the land, with the rest being barren rock and tundra that looks like something from another planet.
Despite these harsh conditions, Svalbard isn't just surviving - it's finding ways to prosper. The territory has unlocked opportunities in mineral extraction, energy production, fishing, and tourism that are transforming this frozen landscape into a surprisingly dynamic place to live and work.
Did You Know? There's no arable farming in Svalbard because it's simply too cold for crops to grow - everything has to be imported!
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Svalbard proves that even the most challenging environments can offer incredible opportunities. Coal mining remains the backbone of the economy, employing 300 people despite growing environmental concerns about greenhouse gas emissions. A new mine opened in Svea in 2014, showing this industry isn't slowing down yet.
Energy development is getting exciting as Svalbard explores its options. Currently, the territory burns locally mined coal at Longyearbyen power station - Norway's only coal-fired facility. However, plans are underway for geothermal energy, taking advantage of Svalbard's location near the Mid-Atlantic Ridge where hot rocks sit close to the surface.
The Barents Sea is an absolute goldmine for fishing, boasting over 150 fish species including cod, haddock, and herring. Meanwhile, extreme tourism is booming as 70,000 visitors flock to see polar bears, northern lights, and glaciers - with 30,000 arriving by cruise ship alone.
Future Focus: Carbon capture and storage technology could revolutionise how Svalbard generates electricity whilst reducing environmental impact!
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Living in Svalbard means facing challenges that would make most people pack their bags immediately. Extreme temperatures regularly drop below -20°C, forcing residents to layer up like Arctic explorers just to pop outside. Construction work becomes nearly impossible as workers struggle to move in bulky protective clothing.
Accessibility is perhaps the biggest headache of all. Most areas remain completely cut off due to the harsh climate and remote location. International travel is limited to flights from Norway or Russia, or boats (good luck in winter when sea ice blocks everything). There are only 50km of roads - all in Longyearbyen - so forget about driving anywhere else.
The landscape itself fights against development at every turn. Mountains, glaciers, and fjords dominate the terrain, making vast areas completely unreachable. During winter, your only transport option is a snow mobile, and that's assuming you can even get to where you want to go.
Food security adds another layer of complexity - since nothing grows here, absolutely everything must be imported at significant cost and effort.
Reality Check: Healthcare becomes incredibly challenging when you can't easily transport patients or medical supplies to remote areas!
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Constructing anything in Svalbard feels like playing life on expert mode. Construction work is crammed into the brief summer months because working outdoors in extreme cold with limited daylight is simply brutal for workers.
Permafrost used to provide rock-solid foundations, but climate change is turning this advantage into a disaster. As temperatures rise, the permafrost thaws, making ground unstable and causing houses to sink or even collapse completely. It's gotten so bad that 10% of Longyearbyen's population has been evacuated due to avalanche risks.
Utilities require creative engineering solutions that seem almost comical. All pipes - water, sewage, the lot - are raised above ground to prevent freezing. Water gets heated before entering homes, and most roads are simple gravel tracks raised above the surface because they're cheap and surprisingly effective.
These infrastructure challenges show how climate change isn't just an environmental issue - it's reshaping how entire communities live, work, and build their futures.
Engineering Marvel: Raised pipes might look odd, but they're a brilliant solution that keeps water flowing when underground pipes would freeze solid!
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
10
Smart Tools NEW
Transform this note into: ✓ 50+ Practice Questions ✓ Interactive Flashcards ✓ Full Mock Exam ✓ Essay Outlines
Quotes from every main character
English LiteratureApp Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
Sociology