Biosphere FULL topic notes

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slopes tend SOLLS due to to gravity. waterlogging means. water takes the place anaerobic gives of air SOLL pores and conditions, chemically reducing the iron; Some leaching after Snow melt. Podzol -Slow decomposition T -mor humus (1) O -Lack of biota due to cold Climate = Clear horizons as soll not mixed (2) A Chorizon is • Parent material, B generally weathered mal rock or glacial or fluvio-glacial material (2) Coniferous woodland or heather moorland (1) (Ash grey lower A honzon with Sandy texture (2) Iron Pan (Reddish brown with denser (texture due to downward leaching? Plants have Shallow, spreading roots (1) cant draw up nutrients capillary action. needle layer thin black humus to traw humus produced layer (1) Rapid leaching of Iron and aluminium due to eluviation. cron pan develops due to lluviation, which impedes draining and causes waterlogging (1) Acidic bedrock such as granite, or schist VOCRPO "Explain how factors affect the formation of a podzol • Natural Vegetation • Soil organisms. •Climate Coniferous forest provides plant litter of needles. which develops • Parent material a and Cones mor humus. Limited soil biota and slow. cool due to restricts mixing of soil creates clear horizons activity climate Kestrictions. and cron pan → precipitation > evaporation, leading leaching of the most soluble minerals, and the possibility of an developing, impeding drainage. • cool temperatures hinder the breakdown of plant litter. tomosyolor gemecally weathered book. may be fluvio-glacial sands which determines the rate of weathering, Soft rocks which do not take long to the weather, producing thicker soils in with Chorizon. •Relief • Drainage greater altitude results in temperatures and the growing season being reduced and increase precipitation. steeper slopes tend to produce thinner Souls due to gravity. the downward. movement of water leads to leaching and the formation, of cron pan. Brown Earth. abundant leaf litterin -thick humus layer T I • mull humus (1) I -dark brown A horizon, with a loamy texture and well-aerated. A enriched nutrients Good drainage good" leaching (1) -lighter brown B horizon (1) capillary action in Summer Regolith Barry the Bedrock- broad Leaf trees associated vegetation. fis deciduous woodland - inorganic = rainfall regolith = loose parent material L] Fast decomposition due to mila climate PD KI A T K soil (1) -elluviation -high levels of biota (earthworms/insects) aid in decomposition and mixing soil = indistinct horizons. -decrease in a organic matter material -illuviation -may be windendendo underdeveloped cron pan. -Chorizon is generally weathered rock. (1) -deep roots help to break up parent materials and take up nutments through soc(. (1) - eg schist (hard) "Explain how factors affect formation of brown earth" •Natural vegetation → deciduous forest provides deep leaf litter which is broken down rapidly in mild / warm. climates → trees have to roots which penetrate deep into Morganasma the soil, ensuring the recycling minerals back to the vegetation of • Soil organisms 。 → Soll biota break down leaf litter producing. mildly acidic mull humus. They also of the soil, aerating mixing ensure the it and preventing the formation of distinct layers within the soil Climate → precipitation slightly exceeds evaporation, giving downward leaching of the most soluble minerals and the possibility of an iron pan forming, impeding drainage. • Parent material → determines the rate of weathering, with hard rocks (eg schist) taking longer to weather, producing thinner soils. Softer rock (eg shale) weather more quickly. 6 Relief → greater altitudes, results in temperatures. and the growing season being reduced in precipitation. and an increase → Steeper slopes tend to produce thinner Soils due to gravity- • Drainage well drained with throughflow and little beachingh accumulation. of excess water collecting, producing limited leacheing