William Blake (1757-1827)

Blake was the ultimate artistic rebel who combined poetry with visual art in ways no one had done before. Born into a middle-class family in Soho, he never attended formal school but wandered London's streets, developing the vivid imagination that would fuel his mystical visions throughout his life.

His most famous work, Songs of Innocence and Experience (1789-1794), explores the contrast between childhood purity and adult corruption. Blake didn't just write these poems—he hand-engraved and illustrated each copy, creating unique artistic masterpieces. He published 139 poems in total, though many more likely remain undiscovered.

What made Blake truly extraordinary were his claimed spiritual visions—seeing God at age four and angels in trees at nine. These experiences shaped his revolutionary political views and his belief that both society and individual minds needed radical change. His poetry celebrates themes of mysticism, nature, creativity, and fierce individualism.

Key Point: Blake witnessed the Gordon Riots of 1780 and was at the front of the mob that burned Newgate prison—these violent revolutionary images directly influenced his later works like America and Europe.

William Wordsworth (1770-1850)

Wordsworth transformed poetry by proving that everyday language and ordinary experiences could create profound art. Growing up in the Lake District, he drew endless inspiration from its dramatic landscapes, developing the Romantic connection between nature and human emotion that would define his generation.

The revolutionary Lyrical Ballads (1798), co-written with Samuel Taylor Coleridge, marked the official beginning of English Romanticism. Wordsworth's famous preface defined poetry as the "spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings" written in "the language really used by men"—a radical departure from formal poetic tradition.

His greatest works emerged during his time at Dove Cottage in Grasmere, including the beloved "I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud" and "Ode: Intimations of Mortality." However, personal tragedies—the deaths of two children, his brother's drowning, and Dorothy's mental breakdown—marked his later years.

Initially inspired by the French Revolution's democratic ideals, Wordsworth gradually became more conservative as Napoleon's rise disillusioned him. His autobiographical masterpiece "The Prelude" wasn't published until after his death in 1850.

Key Point: Wordsworth and Coleridge lived together for a year in the Quantocks, taking daily walks that inspired many of their most famous collaborative works.

Lord Byron (1788-1824)

Byron embodied the Romantic hero—passionate, rebellious, and scandalously charismatic. Famously described as "mad, bad and dangerous to know," his notorious personal life often overshadowed his brilliant poetry, though both contributed to his legendary status.

"Childe Harold's Pilgrimage" (1812) made him famous overnight, establishing the brooding, world-weary persona that captivated readers across Europe. His masterpiece "Don Juan" was written during his affair with Teresa Guiccioli in Italy, showcasing his wit, satire, and narrative brilliance.

Byron's Calvinist upbringing deeply influenced his pessimistic worldview. Raised with beliefs about predestination—that God predetermined who would achieve salvation—Byron developed a fatalistic outlook, famously stating "I deny nothing, but doubt everything" about his religious views.

His scandalous personal life included affairs, enormous debts, and rumoured incest with his half-sister Augusta. Fleeing England in 1816, he never returned. Byron died heroically in 1824 whilst fighting for Greek independence against the Ottoman Empire, cementing his status as the ultimate Romantic revolutionary.

Key Point: Byron spent the summer of 1816 at Lake Geneva with Percy and Mary Shelley—this gathering produced some of the most famous works of Romantic literature, including Mary Shelley's Frankenstein.

Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792-1822)

Shelley was the most politically radical of all the Romantic poets, using his aristocratic background and brilliant mind to champion equality, abolition of slavery, and non-violent protest. His extreme idealism often damaged his reputation, but his commitment to social justice never wavered.

Born into wealth and destined for Parliament, Shelley's life took a dramatic turn when Oxford expelled him for writing an atheist pamphlet. This led to his father disinheriting him, forcing Shelley to live by his principles rather than his privilege.

His personal life was equally unconventional—eloping at 19 with Harriet Westbrook, then leaving her for Mary Godwin (later Mary Shelley). When Harriet's body was found in a lake in 1816, believed to be suicide, Shelley married Mary just three weeks later. Their relationship became one of literature's great partnerships.

Categorised as a "late" Romantic poet, Shelley felt increasingly frustrated as society became more conservative approaching the Victorian era. He believed the world was moving backwards just when it needed to progress towards equality and justice. His idealistic vision was cut short when he drowned in a sailing accident just before his 30th birthday.

Key Point: Shelley was the most politically active Romantic, actively campaigning against slavery and royal hypocrisy whilst developing early theories about non-violent resistance.

John Keats (1795-1821)

Keats achieved immortal greatness despite having the shortest life and career of any major Romantic poet. Born into London's lower middle class, he initially studied medicine but abandoned it to pursue poetry—a decision that proved both brave and artistically essential.

His poetry received harsh criticism during his lifetime, and he never experienced the recognition he deserved. However, Keats is now considered one of the most important figures of early 19th century Romanticism, celebrated for his sensuous imagery, emotional intensity, and philosophical depth.

Keats lived through politically turbulent times—the French Revolution's aftermath, Napoleonic Wars, and the beginning of the Regency period shaped his worldview. The war with France lasted until he was 20, causing widespread poverty that the government met with harsh policies against working-class organisation.

He was influenced by Methodism, the religious reform movement founded by John Wesley that emphasized personal salvation and the possibility of achieving perfect love through divine grace. Keats developed his famous theory of "negative capability"—the ability to remain in uncertainty and doubt rather than irritably reaching after fact and reason.

The Peterloo Massacre of 1819, where government forces killed peaceful protesters, occurred during Keats' brief but intense creative period, reinforcing themes of social injustice in Romantic literature.

Key Point: Keats died at just 26, yet his brief career produced some of English literature's most perfect poems, proving that artistic genius doesn't require longevity to achieve immortality.