Curley's Wife - The Nameless Victim

Curley's wife is one of the most complex characters in the novel, trapped between being a victim and a femme fatale. She's never given a name, which shows how she's seen as Curley's property rather than an individual person.

Her appearance constantly links to danger and seduction through red imagery - "rouged lips" and "red fingernails" warn readers that trouble follows her. The ranch workers call her a "tart" and "jailbait," showing the sexist attitudes of 1930s society where women were blamed for men's attraction to them.

Despite her flirtatious behaviour, Curley's wife is desperately lonely. She confesses to Lennie: "Think I don't like to talk to somebody ever' once in a while?" This reveals her true motivation - she's not trying to cause trouble, she just wants human connection in a world that isolates her.

Key Point: Her dream of becoming a movie star represents the failed American Dream - like many characters, she's chasing an impossible fantasy to escape her harsh reality.

Curley's Wife - Power and Vulnerability

The novel presents Curley's wife as both powerful and powerless depending on who she's with. When confronting Crooks, she reveals her racist attitudes and threatens him with lynching: "I could get you strung up on a tree so easy it ain't even funny."

This shows how even someone with little power can still oppress others lower in the social hierarchy. She knows exactly where she stands - above Black people and the disabled, but below white men.

Her objectification begins before we even meet her. Candy describes Curley keeping his hand "soft for his wife" with vaseline, reducing her to a sexual object. The men see her as a "rat trap" - something dangerous that will catch them.

Key Point: Her death transforms how she's described - from dangerous seductress to innocent victim, showing Steinbeck's sympathy for her character.

When she dies, the "meanness and discontent" disappear from her face, revealing she was just a lonely young woman trapped in an unhappy marriage. Even Curley shows no grief, only anger - proving their relationship lacked any real love.

Candy - The Disposable Worker

Candy represents the fear every ranch worker has - becoming too old and useless to work. As "the old swamper," he's already seen as disposable, barely hanging onto his job because of his disability.

His relationship with his ancient dog parallels George and Lennie's bond. When Carlson pressures him to let the dog be shot, Candy's helplessness becomes clear. He later regrets not shooting the dog himself, saying "I ought to of shot that dog myself."

The American Dream briefly gives Candy hope when he offers his savings to join George and Lennie's plan. For the first time, the dream seems achievable: "This thing they had never really believed in was coming true." His enthusiasm shows how desperate he is for security.

Key Point: Candy's $350 represents a lifetime of hard work, but he's willing to risk it all for the chance of dignity in his old age.

When Curley's wife dies, Candy knows the dream is finished. His angry outburst - "You goddamn tramp" - shows his built-up frustration at having his last hope destroyed. He understands that without Lennie, there's no dream, and he's back to facing a lonely, powerless future.

The Universal Theme of Loneliness

Loneliness affects every character differently, but it's the novel's central theme. Curley's wife desperately seeks conversation because "I can't talk to nobody but Curley. Else he gets mad." Her isolation drives her flirtatious behaviour.

George plays solitaire repeatedly - a card game for one person that symbolises his fundamental loneliness despite having Lennie's company. While Lennie provides loyalty, he can't offer intellectual companionship or real conversation.

Crooks experiences the most extreme isolation due to racial segregation. He warns Lennie: "A guy goes nuts if he ain't got nobody. Don't make no difference who the guy is." His segregated living quarters - "a little shed that leaned off the wall of the barn" - physically represent his exclusion.

Key Point: The ranch's location name "Soledad" literally means loneliness in Spanish, emphasising how isolation defines everyone's experience.

Even when characters briefly connect - like when Candy, Crooks, and Lennie discuss the dream together - these moments are fragile and quickly destroyed by the harsh realities of their hierarchical society.

Power Dynamics and Social Hierarchy

The ranch operates on a strict power hierarchy that determines everyone's treatment. At the top sits Slim, described as having "majesty only achieved by royalty and master craftsmen." His authority comes from skill and moral character rather than wealth or aggression.

The Boss and Curley represent inherited power - they wear "high-heeled boots" to appear more dominant and use intimidation rather than respect. Curley's "pugnacious" nature comes from insecurity about his size and position.

Lennie possesses only physical power - he's "strong as a bull" but lacks mental capacity to control it. George gains authority through Lennie's dependence on him, creating their unusual partnership dynamic.

At the bottom of the hierarchy sit the marginalised groups: Crooks (racial minority), Candy (elderly and disabled), and Curley's wife (woman). Each faces different forms of discrimination but shares powerlessness in their society.

Key Point: Nepotism and exploitation define the power structure - those born into privilege abuse those who must work for survival.

The hierarchy becomes most visible when Curley's wife threatens Crooks, showing how even the powerless can oppress others when opportunity arises.

George - The Reluctant Protector

George embodies the novel's moral complexity. As Lennie's protector, he faces impossible choices throughout their journey. He saves Lennie from brutal treatment in mental asylums, but ranch life puts others at risk.

His short temper occasionally surfaces in cruel outbursts: "When I think of the swell time I could have without you, I go nuts." These moments reveal the burden he carries, though he never abandons his responsibility to Lennie.

George's misogynistic attitudes toward Curley's wife show the flawed thinking of his era. He immediately labels her "poison" and "jailbait" based on appearance alone, demonstrating the prejudices that isolate her further.

Key Point: George represents moral duty - his protection of Lennie shows that "with power comes great responsibility," even when it's costly.

The "living offa fatta the lan'" dream gives George purpose beyond mere survival. Unlike other migrant workers who live selfishly, he creates community with Lennie and eventually Candy, showing his capacity for loyalty and hope.

His final act of killing Lennie represents the ultimate mercy - choosing a peaceful death over Curley's violent revenge or asylum brutality. This decision shows George's moral growth and the painful reality of love sometimes requiring sacrifice.

Lennie - Innocent Destroyer

Lennie Small ironically is huge and powerful, but his mental disability makes him vulnerable and dependent. Described with animalistic metaphors - "like a bear drags his paws" - he possesses strength he cannot control.

His childlike innocence appears in his fascination with soft things and his naive questions about racial segregation: "Why ain't you wanted?" This innocence makes him endearing but also dangerous in a harsh world.

The power dynamic between George and Lennie is clear from their introduction as "first man" and "follower." Despite his physical superiority, Lennie looks "helplessly to George for instruction" in every situation.

Foreshadowing appears early when Lennie describes accidentally killing mice: "I pinched their heads a little and then they was dead." This pattern escalates from mice to puppies to humans, showing his uncontrolled destructive power.

Key Point: Lennie's loyalty to George is absolute and dog-like - he follows commands without understanding concepts like morality or consequences.

His dreams focus entirely on tending rabbits, representing his desire for gentle nurturing that contrasts sharply with his accidental violence. This contradiction makes him both sympathetic and tragic - a powerful man with a child's heart in a brutal world.

Crooks - The Isolated Outsider

Crooks suffers the most extreme isolation due to racial prejudice. Known only by his nickname or racial slurs, he's dehumanised and segregated from other workers. His living space - "a little shed that leaned off the wall" - mirrors his marginalized status.

Despite facing constant racism, Crooks shows remarkable intelligence. His "large gold-rimmed spectacles" and collection of books, including a "mauled copy of the California Civil Code," suggest he educates himself about his rights, though society prevents him from using his knowledge.

His bitter realism about dreams comes from experience: "Nobody ever gets to heaven, and nobody gets no land." Having watched countless workers chase the same fantasy, he's lost faith in possibility, making his life even more unbearable than others.

When Curley's wife threatens him with lynching - "I could get you strung up on a tree" - Crooks immediately retreats, showing how even someone with little power can dominate him. This scene reveals the intersecting oppressions that make his position most vulnerable.

Key Point: Crooks represents the systematic racism of 1930s America, where legal equality didn't translate to social acceptance or opportunity.

His brief excitement about joining George and Lennie's dream quickly dies when reality reasserts itself. The cyclical nature of his rubbing ointment on his back suggests he's trapped in endless, meaningless routine with no hope for change.