Social Class and Equality
The play powerfully illustrates how social hierarchy shapes characters' behaviors and attitudes. Mr. Birling appears primarily concerned with potential scandal rather than Eva's suffering, while Sheila initially uses her social position to get what she wants, behaving like a spoilt child.
Characters from higher social classes treat those beneath them as objects. Eva Smith is repeatedly treated as disposable by various members of the Birling family, highlighting how the upper classes lack conscience. Priestley implies this inequality inevitably leads to social disruption, harm, and tragedy.
Eric's character represents the irresponsibility of privileged youth - gambling, drinking, and living off his father's money without earning his way. Meanwhile, characters like Edna the servant remain almost invisible, emphasizing the stark inequality in Edwardian society.
Key insight: Through the contrasting treatment of Eva Smith and the Birling family, Priestley shows how social class determined not just lifestyle but basic human dignity.
Mrs. Birling's position in the charity emphasizes the hypocrisy of the wealthy who maintain social barriers while pretending to help those less fortunate.