Between 1700-1900, English transformed from a chaotic collection of regional...
English Language159 views·Updated 26 Aug 2026·5 pagesModern English Language Change - A Level Notes
L
Lauren Giles@laurengiles_rfks
1 / 5
1
of 5
Modern English Takes Shape
The 18th and 19th centuries were absolutely crucial for shaping modern English. Before this period, English was a bit of a mess - no standard spelling, grammar rules varied wildly, and pronunciation differed massively between regions.
Standardisation became the big goal during this era. Scholars and teachers desperately wanted to create order from the linguistic chaos. They believed English needed strict rules to become a "proper" language that could compete with Latin and French.
The Industrial Revolution brought thousands of new words (called neologisms) as people needed vocabulary for new inventions, processes, and social changes. Meanwhile, the expanding British Empire was spreading English globally whilst also absorbing words from other languages.
Quick Tip: Think of this period as English getting its act together - like going from messy handwriting to neat, readable text that everyone can understand!
2
of 5
The Birth of English Dictionaries
You might think dictionaries have existed forever, but the first English dictionary only appeared in 1604! Robert Cawdrey, a schoolmaster and former clergyman, created this groundbreaking reference book.
Cawdrey wasn't starting from scratch though. He cleverly used existing wordlists from educational texts, particularly Richard Mulcaster's Elementary (1582) and Edmund Coote's English Schoole-maister (1596).
This early dictionary was pretty basic compared to what we use today, but it marked the beginning of organised English vocabulary. Before Cawdrey's work, people just had to guess at spellings and meanings - imagine trying to write essays without any reference books!
Did You Know? Cawdrey's dictionary was aimed at helping ordinary people understand "hard words" - basically the 1600s version of helping students with difficult vocabulary!
3
of 5
The Grammar Craze of the 1700s
The 18th century saw an absolute obsession with "correct" English. Grammar books became incredibly popular as everyone wanted to speak and write "properly."
Scholars, teachers, and what the transcript brilliantly calls "fuddy-duddy old men" believed English desperately needed strict rules. They thought the language was becoming too messy and informal, especially compared to prestigious languages like Latin.
This led to loads of published rule books telling people exactly how to use English. Many of these rules were completely made up by the authors, but they caught on anyway. Some of these invented rules still annoy students today - like never ending sentences with prepositions!
Reality Check: Many "grammar rules" you learn today were actually invented by 18th-century scholars who wanted English to behave more like Latin - even though English works completely differently!
4
of 5
Samuel Johnson's Legendary Dictionary (1755)
Samuel Johnson created what many consider the first truly comprehensive English dictionary in 1755. This wasn't some quick weekend project - it took over eight years to compile, required six helpers, and listed an impressive 40,000 words.
Johnson genuinely believed English was "in a terrible mess" and desperately needed discipline. His dictionary aimed to stabilise the language by providing definitive spellings, meanings, and usage examples for thousands of words.
However, Johnson was smart enough to recognise something crucial: languages naturally change and evolve. Despite wanting to create stability, he admitted that new words, pronunciations, and spellings constantly appear, and you can't really stop linguistic evolution.
Fun Fact: Johnson's dictionary remained the standard English reference for over 150 years - imagine using a textbook from the 1870s today!
5
of 5
Johnson's Snobbery and Word Selection
Johnson had some pretty strong opinions about which words deserved inclusion in his dictionary. Being rather pompous, he decided certain words simply weren't "good enough" for his prestigious reference book.
Words like bang, budge, fuss, gambler, shabby, and touchy got the boot because Johnson considered them too informal or vulgar. This reveals how 18th-century attitudes about "proper" language excluded perfectly useful everyday vocabulary.
Johnson's pickiness shows how dictionary-making involves personal judgement, not just objective recording of language. His choices reflected upper-class preferences rather than how ordinary people actually spoke and wrote.
Think About It: Johnson rejected words like "fuss" and "shabby" that we use constantly today - imagine if modern dictionaries excluded common slang or informal terms you use with friends!
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English Language159 views·Updated 26 Aug 2026·5 pagesModern English Language Change - A Level Notes
L
Lauren Giles@laurengiles_rfks
Between 1700-1900, English transformed from a chaotic collection of regional dialects into the standardised language we recognise today. This period saw the first proper dictionaries, strict grammar rules, and massive vocabulary expansion thanks to the Industrial Revolution and British Empire.
1
of 5
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Modern English Takes Shape
The 18th and 19th centuries were absolutely crucial for shaping modern English. Before this period, English was a bit of a mess - no standard spelling, grammar rules varied wildly, and pronunciation differed massively between regions.
Standardisation became the big goal during this era. Scholars and teachers desperately wanted to create order from the linguistic chaos. They believed English needed strict rules to become a "proper" language that could compete with Latin and French.
The Industrial Revolution brought thousands of new words (called neologisms) as people needed vocabulary for new inventions, processes, and social changes. Meanwhile, the expanding British Empire was spreading English globally whilst also absorbing words from other languages.
Quick Tip: Think of this period as English getting its act together - like going from messy handwriting to neat, readable text that everyone can understand!
2
of 5Sign up to see the content. It's free!
- Access to all documents
- Improve your grades
- Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
The Birth of English Dictionaries
You might think dictionaries have existed forever, but the first English dictionary only appeared in 1604! Robert Cawdrey, a schoolmaster and former clergyman, created this groundbreaking reference book.
Cawdrey wasn't starting from scratch though. He cleverly used existing wordlists from educational texts, particularly Richard Mulcaster's Elementary (1582) and Edmund Coote's English Schoole-maister (1596).
This early dictionary was pretty basic compared to what we use today, but it marked the beginning of organised English vocabulary. Before Cawdrey's work, people just had to guess at spellings and meanings - imagine trying to write essays without any reference books!
Did You Know? Cawdrey's dictionary was aimed at helping ordinary people understand "hard words" - basically the 1600s version of helping students with difficult vocabulary!
3
of 5Sign up to see the content. It's free!
- Access to all documents
- Improve your grades
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By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
The Grammar Craze of the 1700s
The 18th century saw an absolute obsession with "correct" English. Grammar books became incredibly popular as everyone wanted to speak and write "properly."
Scholars, teachers, and what the transcript brilliantly calls "fuddy-duddy old men" believed English desperately needed strict rules. They thought the language was becoming too messy and informal, especially compared to prestigious languages like Latin.
This led to loads of published rule books telling people exactly how to use English. Many of these rules were completely made up by the authors, but they caught on anyway. Some of these invented rules still annoy students today - like never ending sentences with prepositions!
Reality Check: Many "grammar rules" you learn today were actually invented by 18th-century scholars who wanted English to behave more like Latin - even though English works completely differently!
4
of 5Sign up to see the content. It's free!
- Access to all documents
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Samuel Johnson's Legendary Dictionary (1755)
Samuel Johnson created what many consider the first truly comprehensive English dictionary in 1755. This wasn't some quick weekend project - it took over eight years to compile, required six helpers, and listed an impressive 40,000 words.
Johnson genuinely believed English was "in a terrible mess" and desperately needed discipline. His dictionary aimed to stabilise the language by providing definitive spellings, meanings, and usage examples for thousands of words.
However, Johnson was smart enough to recognise something crucial: languages naturally change and evolve. Despite wanting to create stability, he admitted that new words, pronunciations, and spellings constantly appear, and you can't really stop linguistic evolution.
Fun Fact: Johnson's dictionary remained the standard English reference for over 150 years - imagine using a textbook from the 1870s today!
5
of 5Sign up to see the content. It's free!
- Access to all documents
- Improve your grades
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By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Johnson's Snobbery and Word Selection
Johnson had some pretty strong opinions about which words deserved inclusion in his dictionary. Being rather pompous, he decided certain words simply weren't "good enough" for his prestigious reference book.
Words like bang, budge, fuss, gambler, shabby, and touchy got the boot because Johnson considered them too informal or vulgar. This reveals how 18th-century attitudes about "proper" language excluded perfectly useful everyday vocabulary.
Johnson's pickiness shows how dictionary-making involves personal judgement, not just objective recording of language. His choices reflected upper-class preferences rather than how ordinary people actually spoke and wrote.
Think About It: Johnson rejected words like "fuss" and "shabby" that we use constantly today - imagine if modern dictionaries excluded common slang or informal terms you use with friends!
We thought you’d never ask...
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
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Samantha KlichAndroid user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
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