Page 2: Case Studies and Cognitive Theory

This page delves into case studies and cognitive theory related to child language acquisition.

The Genie case study is presented as an example of the critical period hypothesis in language acquisition:

• Genie was abused and isolated from birth to 13 years old
• She experienced no communication except barking and growling
• When rescued, she only knew her name and "sorry"
• Despite an enriched learning environment, she was unable to achieve full language acquisition
• Her language development was limited to the two-word stage and about 100 words

Highlight: The Genie case study demonstrates the importance of early language exposure and the potential consequences of missing the critical period for language acquisition.

Berko's Wug Test is introduced as a method to test children's knowledge of morphology:

• The test shows that children learn language patterns, not just repetition
• Children can apply language rules to nonsense words $e.g., "one wug, two wugs"$

Example: In the Wug Test, children are shown a picture of a made-up creature called a "wug" and asked what two of them would be called, demonstrating their ability to apply plural rules to unfamiliar words.

The page also outlines Piaget's cognitive theory, which describes four stages of cognitive development:

1. Sensorimotor stage $0-2 years$
2. Preoperational stage $2-7 years$
3. Concrete operational stage $7-11 years$
4. Formal operational stage $11-13 years$

Definition: Object permanence is the understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be seen, heard, or touched, typically achieved during the sensorimotor stage.

Page 3: Piaget's Theory and Social Constructivism

This page continues the discussion of Piaget's cognitive theory and introduces social constructivist theory in relation to language acquisition.

Piaget's theory emphasizes that children learn language as they explore their environment. Key concepts include:

• Schemes: Mental representations of the world
• Assimilation: Using existing schemas to deal with new situations
• Accommodation: Modifying existing schemas when they don't fit new experiences

Vocabulary: Schemas are mental frameworks or concepts that help organize and interpret information.

The page also introduces transcript elements relevant to language analysis:

• Adjacency pairs: Two-part exchanges in conversation
• Interrogatives: Question sentences $who, why, when, where, what$

Social constructivist theory is presented as an alternative perspective on language acquisition:

• Children acquire cultural values, beliefs, and problem-solving abilities through collaborative dialogues with others in society
• Social interaction is crucial for gaining higher mental functions
• The community plays a major role in making meaning behind language

Highlight: Vygotsky's theory emphasizes the importance of social interaction and cultural context in language development.

Vygotsky's key concepts are introduced:

• More Knowledgeable Other $MKO$: Someone with better understanding or higher ability who can guide a learner
• Zone of Proximal Development $ZPD$: The difference between what a child can achieve independently and with an MKO

Definition: The Zone of Proximal Development $ZPD$ represents the range of tasks that a child can perform with guidance and encouragement from a skilled partner.

Page 4: Reading Acquisition Theories

This page focuses on theories related to reading acquisition, an important aspect of language development in early childhood.

Frank Smith's theory on reading is presented:

• Children learn to recognize whole words by searching for meaning in stories, questions, and patterns
• Reading ability is the transformation of visual presentation of language into meaning
• Phonics can be useful for unfamiliar words but may slow down reading and make it tedious

Quote: "Reading ability is to transform visual presentation of language into meaning." - Frank Smith

Frith's theory of language acquisition stages in reading is outlined:

1. Logographic stage: Child processes words in the same way as pictures
2. Alphabetic stage: Child acquires explicit knowledge of phonemes and begins decoding
3. Orthographic stage: Child can recognize many words automatically without sounding them out

Highlight: Dyslexic learners often struggle at the alphabetic stage of reading acquisition.

Goodman's whole language theory is briefly mentioned:

• Children should focus on meaning and context when learning to read, rather than isolated phonics instruction

Definition: The whole language approach to reading instruction emphasizes understanding the meaning of texts and using context clues, rather than focusing solely on phonics and decoding skills.

These theories provide different perspectives on how children acquire reading skills, highlighting the complexity of the reading process and the various approaches to teaching reading.

Page 1: Stages of Language Development and Key Theories

This page outlines the stages of language development and introduces key theories and concepts in child language acquisition.

The stages of language development progress from pre-talking to multi-word stages, typically occurring within the first 30 months of a child's life. These stages include:

1. Pre-talking/cooing $0-6 months$
2. Babbling $6-8 months$
3. Holophrastic $9-18 months$
4. Two-word $18-24 months$
5. Telegraphic $24-30 months$
6. Multi-word $30+ months$

Highlight: The stages of language development provide a framework for understanding the typical progression of a child's language skills.

Halliday's functions of language are also introduced, which describe the various purposes of language use in children:

1. Instrumental
2. Regulatory
3. Interactional
4. Personal
5. Informational
6. Heuristic
7. Imaginative

Definition: Child-directed speech refers to the exaggerated speech patterns adults use when talking to babies or young children, characterized by a sing-song voice, slow pace, and emphasis on certain syllables.

The page also introduces two contrasting theories of language acquisition:

1. Behaviorism $Skinner$: Language acquisition is viewed as a cognitive behavior learned through reinforcement principles and operant conditioning.
2. Nativism $Chomsky$: Children are born with an innate ability to learn language, possessing a Language Acquisition Device $LAD$ that programs major principles of language.

Quote: "All children are born with an ability to develop language, but they require regular interaction with caregivers to achieve full fluency." - Bruner