Subjects
Maths
Chemistry
Biology
English Language
History
Responding to change (a2 only)
Infection and response
Homeostasis and response
Energy transfers (a2 only)
Cell biology
Organisms respond to changes in their internal and external environments (a-level only)
Biological molecules
Organisation
Substance exchange
Bioenergetics
Genetic information & variation
Inheritance, variation and evolution
Genetics & ecosystems (a2 only)
Ecology
Cells
Show all topics
Britain & the wider world: 1745 -1901
1l the quest for political stability: germany, 1871-1991
The cold war
Inter-war germany
Medieval period: 1066 -1509
2d religious conflict and the church in england, c1529-c1570
2o democracy and nazism: germany, 1918-1945
1f industrialisation and the people: britain, c1783-1885
1c the tudors: england, 1485-1603
2m wars and welfare: britain in transition, 1906-1957
World war two & the holocaust
2n revolution and dictatorship: russia, 1917-1953
2s the making of modern britain, 1951-2007
World war one
Britain: 1509 -1745
Show all topics
282
•
10 Dec 2025
•
amelia lawrence
@amelialawrence
Ever wondered how different economic systems actually work in practice,... Show more
Think of economic systems as different ways countries organise their buying and selling. Free-market economies (like capitalism) let businesses and individuals make their own economic choices - they buy and sell competitively, which naturally sets fair prices. Decision-making is spread out rather than controlled by one authority.
Command economies work completely differently - a central government plans everything, deciding what gets produced and setting all the prices. Most real-world economies are actually mixed economies, combining elements of both systems since pure free-market or command systems are nearly impossible to achieve.
China's economic transformation shows this perfectly. They've shifted from a traditional socialist system to a 'socialist market' economy, allowing entrepreneurs to make profits whilst still maintaining state control. Through special economic zones and international trade, China has experienced massive economic growth by balancing both approaches.
Key insight: No country operates a purely free-market or command economy - they're theoretical extremes that don't exist in practice.
Understanding how markets connect is crucial for predicting price changes. Joint demand involves complementary goods that are bought together - like tennis rackets and tennis balls. When pasta becomes cheaper and more people buy it, the demand for pasta sauce automatically increases too, pushing up sauce prices.
Competitive demand works with substitute goods that can replace each other. If Android phones become cheaper, fewer people will buy Apple phones, causing Apple to reduce both supply and prices. This creates a ripple effect across related markets.
Derived demand occurs when goods are needed to produce other goods. The demand for steel depends on car production - if more cars are demanded, steel demand and prices rise accordingly. This relationship is particularly important in manufacturing industries.
Remember: Changes in one market always affect related markets - nothing happens in isolation in economics.
Composite demand happens when one good serves multiple purposes, creating opportunity costs. Oil can make either plastics or petrol - if plastic demand increases, less oil is available for petrol, making both products more expensive.
Joint supply is the opposite - one source produces multiple goods simultaneously. When beef demand increases, more cows are processed, automatically increasing leather supply and making leather cheaper. This creates unexpected price relationships between seemingly unrelated products.
These concepts explain why shortages in one industry can cause price changes in completely different markets. Understanding these connections helps predict economic trends and market behaviour.
Think about it: Every time you choose one product over another, you're participating in these complex market relationships.
Prices do much more than just show what things cost - they're the invisible hand that organises our entire economy. Adam Smith identified how self-interested behaviour accidentally benefits society through market forces.
The rationing function allocates scarce resources by price. High prices ration limited goods to those willing to pay most, whilst low prices ensure abundant goods reach many consumers. The signalling function provides crucial information - prices reflect market conditions and guide buying decisions.
The incentive function motivates behaviour. Lower prices encourage more buying as you get better value, whilst higher prices encourage suppliers to produce more for greater profits. When these functions fail, market failure occurs, reducing economic welfare.
Price volatility depends on elasticity. Markets with elastic demand and supply experience stable prices despite supply changes, whilst inelastic markets see dramatic price swings from small supply or demand shifts.
Key point: Price volatility is highest when both demand and supply are inelastic - small changes create big price jumps.
Several factors create those dramatic price swings you see in markets like housing or fuel. Low price elasticity of demand means consumers can't easily reduce consumption when prices rise - particularly with necessities like food or medicine.
Low price elasticity of supply makes it hard for producers to quickly increase output when demand rises, especially in the short run. Volatile market supply from weather, political events, or natural disasters creates unpredictable supply shocks.
Speculators can amplify price changes by buying when they expect prices to rise and selling when they expect falls, creating self-fulfilling prophecies. Government intervention through taxes, subsidies, or price controls also changes market incentives, sometimes causing unintended consequences.
Real-world example: Oil prices are volatile because demand is inelastic (we need fuel regardless of price) and supply can be disrupted by geopolitical events.
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
App Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
amelia lawrence
@amelialawrence
Ever wondered how different economic systems actually work in practice, or why some prices jump around whilst others stay fairly stable? This section explores the three main types of economies and reveals how markets are all interconnected through various demand... Show more
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Think of economic systems as different ways countries organise their buying and selling. Free-market economies (like capitalism) let businesses and individuals make their own economic choices - they buy and sell competitively, which naturally sets fair prices. Decision-making is spread out rather than controlled by one authority.
Command economies work completely differently - a central government plans everything, deciding what gets produced and setting all the prices. Most real-world economies are actually mixed economies, combining elements of both systems since pure free-market or command systems are nearly impossible to achieve.
China's economic transformation shows this perfectly. They've shifted from a traditional socialist system to a 'socialist market' economy, allowing entrepreneurs to make profits whilst still maintaining state control. Through special economic zones and international trade, China has experienced massive economic growth by balancing both approaches.
Key insight: No country operates a purely free-market or command economy - they're theoretical extremes that don't exist in practice.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Understanding how markets connect is crucial for predicting price changes. Joint demand involves complementary goods that are bought together - like tennis rackets and tennis balls. When pasta becomes cheaper and more people buy it, the demand for pasta sauce automatically increases too, pushing up sauce prices.
Competitive demand works with substitute goods that can replace each other. If Android phones become cheaper, fewer people will buy Apple phones, causing Apple to reduce both supply and prices. This creates a ripple effect across related markets.
Derived demand occurs when goods are needed to produce other goods. The demand for steel depends on car production - if more cars are demanded, steel demand and prices rise accordingly. This relationship is particularly important in manufacturing industries.
Remember: Changes in one market always affect related markets - nothing happens in isolation in economics.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Composite demand happens when one good serves multiple purposes, creating opportunity costs. Oil can make either plastics or petrol - if plastic demand increases, less oil is available for petrol, making both products more expensive.
Joint supply is the opposite - one source produces multiple goods simultaneously. When beef demand increases, more cows are processed, automatically increasing leather supply and making leather cheaper. This creates unexpected price relationships between seemingly unrelated products.
These concepts explain why shortages in one industry can cause price changes in completely different markets. Understanding these connections helps predict economic trends and market behaviour.
Think about it: Every time you choose one product over another, you're participating in these complex market relationships.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Prices do much more than just show what things cost - they're the invisible hand that organises our entire economy. Adam Smith identified how self-interested behaviour accidentally benefits society through market forces.
The rationing function allocates scarce resources by price. High prices ration limited goods to those willing to pay most, whilst low prices ensure abundant goods reach many consumers. The signalling function provides crucial information - prices reflect market conditions and guide buying decisions.
The incentive function motivates behaviour. Lower prices encourage more buying as you get better value, whilst higher prices encourage suppliers to produce more for greater profits. When these functions fail, market failure occurs, reducing economic welfare.
Price volatility depends on elasticity. Markets with elastic demand and supply experience stable prices despite supply changes, whilst inelastic markets see dramatic price swings from small supply or demand shifts.
Key point: Price volatility is highest when both demand and supply are inelastic - small changes create big price jumps.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Several factors create those dramatic price swings you see in markets like housing or fuel. Low price elasticity of demand means consumers can't easily reduce consumption when prices rise - particularly with necessities like food or medicine.
Low price elasticity of supply makes it hard for producers to quickly increase output when demand rises, especially in the short run. Volatile market supply from weather, political events, or natural disasters creates unpredictable supply shocks.
Speculators can amplify price changes by buying when they expect prices to rise and selling when they expect falls, creating self-fulfilling prophecies. Government intervention through taxes, subsidies, or price controls also changes market incentives, sometimes causing unintended consequences.
Real-world example: Oil prices are volatile because demand is inelastic (we need fuel regardless of price) and supply can be disrupted by geopolitical events.
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
10
Smart Tools NEW
Transform this note into: ✓ 50+ Practice Questions ✓ Interactive Flashcards ✓ Full Mock Exam ✓ Essay Outlines
Explore essential microeconomic principles including market structures, externalities, efficiency types, and government intervention. This summary covers monopolistic competition, oligopoly, market failure, and elasticity, providing a comprehensive overview for Year 12 exam preparation.
EconomicsExplore the key concepts of demand in microeconomics, including the law of demand, income and substitution effects, and types of demand. This summary features essential graphs and explanations to help you grasp how price changes influence quantity demanded. Ideal for exam preparation.
EconomicsExplore the fundamental concepts of supply and demand, including the law of demand, shifts in curves, market equilibrium, and factors affecting price determination. This comprehensive summary is ideal for GCSE Economics students seeking to grasp key economic principles with clear explanations and relevant examples.
EconomicsExplore key concepts in microeconomics including price elasticity of supply and demand, income elasticity, and the economic problem. This summary covers the determinants of elasticity, the Production Possibilities Frontier (PPF), and the relationship between supply and demand in competitive markets. Ideal for AQA A Level students seeking to understand market behavior and production costs.
EconomicsExplore the key concepts of market equilibrium, including the determination of equilibrium price and quantity, the signaling, rationing, and incentive functions of the price mechanism. This summary provides insights into how changes in supply and demand affect market dynamics, essential for A/AS Level economics students.
EconomicsExplore the dynamics of supply and demand in commodity markets, focusing on oil price fluctuations and the impact of government interventions. This summary covers key concepts such as market equilibrium, shifts in supply and demand, and the role of commodity cartels. Ideal for A Level Microeconomics revision.
EconomicsApp Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
Sociology