Maths
Biology
Chemistry
English Language
History
Responding to change (a2 only)
Infection and response
Homeostasis and response
Energy transfers (a2 only)
Cell biology
Organisms respond to changes in their internal and external environments (a-level only)
Biological molecules
Organisation
Substance exchange
Bioenergetics
Genetic information & variation
Inheritance, variation and evolution
Genetics & ecosystems (a2 only)
Ecology
Cells
Show all topics
1l the quest for political stability: germany, 1871-1991
Britain & the wider world: 1745 -1901
The cold war
Inter-war germany
Medieval period: 1066 -1509
2d religious conflict and the church in england, c1529-c1570
2o democracy and nazism: germany, 1918-1945
1f industrialisation and the people: britain, c1783-1885
1c the tudors: england, 1485-1603
2m wars and welfare: britain in transition, 1906-1957
World war two & the holocaust
2n revolution and dictatorship: russia, 1917-1953
2s the making of modern britain, 1951-2007
World war one
Britain: 1509 -1745
Show all topics
Design & Technology
6 Dec 2025
158
4 pages
alisa @ayselv
Protein is one of the three essential macronutrients your body needs to function properly, alongside fats and carbohydrates.... Show more
Your body relies on protein for way more than just building muscle. It's actually doing five major jobs every single day to keep you healthy and functioning properly.
Growth and repair are protein's most famous roles - that's why growing teenagers and pregnant women need extra amounts. Whether you've injured yourself playing sport or you're recovering from being ill, protein is busy fixing your body tissues behind the scenes.
Here's something cool enzymes (which speed up chemical reactions in your body) and some hormones are actually made of protein. Plus, when your body runs out of carbs for energy, it can break down leftover protein and burn it as fuel instead.
The building blocks of all proteins are called amino acids. Your body can make some of these itself, but essential amino acids must come from your food - there's no way around it!
Key Insight High biological value proteins contain all the essential amino acids you need, whilst low biological value proteins are missing some. You can combine different low biological value proteins to get everything your body requires.
Getting enough protein is easier than you might think because it's found in loads of different foods. Animal sources like fish, chicken, beef, eggs, and milk are considered complete proteins because they contain all essential amino acids.
Plant sources include beans, lentils, nuts, seeds, and cereals, but these are usually incomplete proteins on their own. The good news? You can mix and match them throughout the day to get everything you need.
Several factors affect how well your body uses protein for muscle growth regular exercise, your genetics (DNA), overall diet quality, and getting enough sleep all play important roles.
Many people choose vegetarian alternatives for ethical, religious, or environmental reasons. Modern food technology has created brilliant options like soya products, TVP (textured vegetable protein), and Quorn that taste great and pack serious nutritional punch.
Remember Vegetarians need to pay special attention to getting enough vitamin B12 and iron, as these nutrients are more abundant in animal products.
Myco-protein, commonly known as Quorn, is made from specially grown mushrooms and has become incredibly popular with both vegetarians and meat-eaters. What makes it brilliant is how well it absorbs flavours and how versatile it is in cooking.
You can cook Quorn in practically any way you'd cook meat - fry it, bake it, add it to curries, or throw it in a stir-fry. It's got a texture that's surprisingly similar to chicken, which is why so many people love it.
The best part about these protein alternatives is that they're typically high in protein whilst being low in fat, making them excellent choices for anyone wanting to eat healthily.
Fun Fact Quorn was originally developed by scientists looking for sustainable protein sources, and it's now one of the most successful meat alternatives worldwide.
Ever wondered why eggs go from runny to solid when you cook them? That's protein denaturation and coagulation in action - and understanding this process is essential for cooking successfully.
Denaturation happens when heat, acids, or mechanical mixing (like whipping) break the chemical bonds in protein molecules. Once these bonds break, the proteins change shape and start to coagulate - basically, they clump together and trap water molecules.
This process is brilliant when controlled properly, but here's the catch overcook your protein and you'll get tough, dry results. Think about an overcooked steak that's chewy and tasteless.
Syneresis occurs when coagulated proteins tighten up too much and squeeze out all the water they were holding. That's exactly why overcooked meat becomes dry and rubbery - all the moisture gets forced out, leaving you with disappointing results.
Cooking Tip Understanding protein coagulation helps you cook eggs perfectly, keep meat juicy, and avoid the dreaded rubber chicken disaster!
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
3
Smart Tools NEW
Transform this note into: ✓ 50+ Practice Questions ✓ Interactive Flashcards ✓ Full Mock Exam ✓ Essay Outlines
App Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
alisa
@ayselv
Protein is one of the three essential macronutrients your body needs to function properly, alongside fats and carbohydrates. Understanding how protein works in your body and where to find it in food is crucial for maintaining good health and doing... Show more
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Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Your body relies on protein for way more than just building muscle. It's actually doing five major jobs every single day to keep you healthy and functioning properly.
Growth and repair are protein's most famous roles - that's why growing teenagers and pregnant women need extra amounts. Whether you've injured yourself playing sport or you're recovering from being ill, protein is busy fixing your body tissues behind the scenes.
Here's something cool: enzymes (which speed up chemical reactions in your body) and some hormones are actually made of protein. Plus, when your body runs out of carbs for energy, it can break down leftover protein and burn it as fuel instead.
The building blocks of all proteins are called amino acids. Your body can make some of these itself, but essential amino acids must come from your food - there's no way around it!
Key Insight: High biological value proteins contain all the essential amino acids you need, whilst low biological value proteins are missing some. You can combine different low biological value proteins to get everything your body requires.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Getting enough protein is easier than you might think because it's found in loads of different foods. Animal sources like fish, chicken, beef, eggs, and milk are considered complete proteins because they contain all essential amino acids.
Plant sources include beans, lentils, nuts, seeds, and cereals, but these are usually incomplete proteins on their own. The good news? You can mix and match them throughout the day to get everything you need.
Several factors affect how well your body uses protein for muscle growth: regular exercise, your genetics (DNA), overall diet quality, and getting enough sleep all play important roles.
Many people choose vegetarian alternatives for ethical, religious, or environmental reasons. Modern food technology has created brilliant options like soya products, TVP (textured vegetable protein), and Quorn that taste great and pack serious nutritional punch.
Remember: Vegetarians need to pay special attention to getting enough vitamin B12 and iron, as these nutrients are more abundant in animal products.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Myco-protein, commonly known as Quorn, is made from specially grown mushrooms and has become incredibly popular with both vegetarians and meat-eaters. What makes it brilliant is how well it absorbs flavours and how versatile it is in cooking.
You can cook Quorn in practically any way you'd cook meat - fry it, bake it, add it to curries, or throw it in a stir-fry. It's got a texture that's surprisingly similar to chicken, which is why so many people love it.
The best part about these protein alternatives is that they're typically high in protein whilst being low in fat, making them excellent choices for anyone wanting to eat healthily.
Fun Fact: Quorn was originally developed by scientists looking for sustainable protein sources, and it's now one of the most successful meat alternatives worldwide.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Ever wondered why eggs go from runny to solid when you cook them? That's protein denaturation and coagulation in action - and understanding this process is essential for cooking successfully.
Denaturation happens when heat, acids, or mechanical mixing (like whipping) break the chemical bonds in protein molecules. Once these bonds break, the proteins change shape and start to coagulate - basically, they clump together and trap water molecules.
This process is brilliant when controlled properly, but here's the catch: overcook your protein and you'll get tough, dry results. Think about an overcooked steak that's chewy and tasteless.
Syneresis occurs when coagulated proteins tighten up too much and squeeze out all the water they were holding. That's exactly why overcooked meat becomes dry and rubbery - all the moisture gets forced out, leaving you with disappointing results.
Cooking Tip: Understanding protein coagulation helps you cook eggs perfectly, keep meat juicy, and avoid the dreaded rubber chicken disaster!
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
3
Smart Tools NEW
Transform this note into: ✓ 50+ Practice Questions ✓ Interactive Flashcards ✓ Full Mock Exam ✓ Essay Outlines
App Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
