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Britain & the wider world: 1745 -1901
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8
0
Dominic
12/12/2025
Criminology
Criminology Unit 3 - AC:2.2 Example
784
•
12 Dec 2025
•
Dominic
@dom.j4
UK's criminal court system handles offences through three main categories... Show more
The UK criminal justice system categorises offences into three types. Indictable offences are the most serious (murder, rape) and are tried in Crown Court after initial magistrate hearings. Summary offences are less severe (shoplifting, minor assaults) and handled entirely in magistrates court. Triable either way offences can be heard in either court, with Crown Court having greater sentencing powers but magistrates having lower acquittal rates.
Before trial, defendants may receive Legal Aid for financial support. About half of magistrates court defendants and three-quarters of Crown Court defendants receive this assistance. However, free legal aid often uses solicitors with lower success rates (around 60%) compared to private firms that might achieve 96% success rates.
Suspects may be released on bail while awaiting trial, following the principle of "innocent until proven guilty" under Section 4 of the Bail Act 1976. Bail can be refused if the suspect might not attend court, poses risks to the public, or is charged with an extremely serious crime like murder.
Remember this! The three bail outcomes are unconditional (no restrictions), conditional (with specific requirements like curfews or surrendering passports), or remand in custody (sent to prison until trial).
Plea-bargaining involves cooperation between prosecution and defence where defendants plead guilty for reduced charges. This can occur through charge bargaining (lesser sentence for guilty plea), court bargaining (pleading to one charge to drop others), or sentence bargaining (guilty plea for more lenient sentencing).
Magistrates courts handle lower-level offences including summary and some triable either way cases. These courts are typically overseen by lay magistrates (volunteers with basic legal training) or district judges. Their sentencing powers include fines, community orders, and limited custodial sentences, making them suitable for less serious crimes.
The Crown Court deals with more severe cases, particularly indictable offences. Cases reach Crown Court either directly (for serious crimes) or after initial hearings in magistrates court. A judge and jury oversee these proceedings, with the jury determining guilt and the judge deciding appropriate sentences. Crown Courts can issue longer prison sentences for serious offences.
Juries play a crucial role in Crown Court trials. Composed of twelve randomly selected members of the public, they evaluate evidence presented during the trial to determine whether the defendant is guilty or not guilty. Juries aren't used in Magistrates courts, where verdicts come from magistrates or district judges instead.
Quick tip: Understanding the different powers of each court helps you predict what might happen in different criminal cases!
Judges maintain order and fairness in court proceedings. In Magistrates courts, district judges may preside, though benches of magistrates are also common. Crown Court typically has circuit judges who provide legal guidance to juries, make interpretations of law, and determine sentences for guilty defendants. Their role ensures proceedings follow legal procedures and justice is properly administered.
If you're found guilty in a magistrates court, you can appeal either the conviction itself or the severity of your sentence. You'll need to act quickly though - appeals must be filed within 21 days of sentencing. These appeals work as retrials with a judge and two magistrates presiding. Don't assume an appeal automatically means a lighter sentence - the court can actually confirm, reduce, or even increase your original punishment.
Crown Court verdicts can be challenged through the Court of Appeal. Defendants must apply within 28 days of conviction, and a judge will first decide if the appeal should proceed. Rather than using juries, three judges make decisions in these cases. The prosecution can also appeal in specific circumstances, such as when legal errors occurred, juries were tampered with, sentencing was too lenient, or compelling new evidence has emerged.
At the very top of the judicial pyramid sits the Supreme Court. You can't simply choose to appeal here - cases only reach this level when significant public safety concerns or important legal principles are at stake.
Important! The appeal system provides checks and balances in the justice system, but having your case heard at higher levels isn't automatic - you need to demonstrate valid grounds for appeal.
The appeals process demonstrates how the UK legal system balances finality with the need to correct potential injustices. Each level of appeal features increasingly experienced judges and stricter requirements, ensuring that while everyone has rights to challenge verdicts, the system remains efficient and final decisions carry appropriate weight.
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
Quotes from every main character
English LiteratureApp Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
Dominic
@dom.j4
UK's criminal court system handles offences through three main categories and follows specific procedures from pre-trial to appeals. Understanding how these courts operate reveals the journey a case takes through the judicial process, from bail decisions to final verdicts.
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Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
The UK criminal justice system categorises offences into three types. Indictable offences are the most serious (murder, rape) and are tried in Crown Court after initial magistrate hearings. Summary offences are less severe (shoplifting, minor assaults) and handled entirely in magistrates court. Triable either way offences can be heard in either court, with Crown Court having greater sentencing powers but magistrates having lower acquittal rates.
Before trial, defendants may receive Legal Aid for financial support. About half of magistrates court defendants and three-quarters of Crown Court defendants receive this assistance. However, free legal aid often uses solicitors with lower success rates (around 60%) compared to private firms that might achieve 96% success rates.
Suspects may be released on bail while awaiting trial, following the principle of "innocent until proven guilty" under Section 4 of the Bail Act 1976. Bail can be refused if the suspect might not attend court, poses risks to the public, or is charged with an extremely serious crime like murder.
Remember this! The three bail outcomes are unconditional (no restrictions), conditional (with specific requirements like curfews or surrendering passports), or remand in custody (sent to prison until trial).
Plea-bargaining involves cooperation between prosecution and defence where defendants plead guilty for reduced charges. This can occur through charge bargaining (lesser sentence for guilty plea), court bargaining (pleading to one charge to drop others), or sentence bargaining (guilty plea for more lenient sentencing).
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Magistrates courts handle lower-level offences including summary and some triable either way cases. These courts are typically overseen by lay magistrates (volunteers with basic legal training) or district judges. Their sentencing powers include fines, community orders, and limited custodial sentences, making them suitable for less serious crimes.
The Crown Court deals with more severe cases, particularly indictable offences. Cases reach Crown Court either directly (for serious crimes) or after initial hearings in magistrates court. A judge and jury oversee these proceedings, with the jury determining guilt and the judge deciding appropriate sentences. Crown Courts can issue longer prison sentences for serious offences.
Juries play a crucial role in Crown Court trials. Composed of twelve randomly selected members of the public, they evaluate evidence presented during the trial to determine whether the defendant is guilty or not guilty. Juries aren't used in Magistrates courts, where verdicts come from magistrates or district judges instead.
Quick tip: Understanding the different powers of each court helps you predict what might happen in different criminal cases!
Judges maintain order and fairness in court proceedings. In Magistrates courts, district judges may preside, though benches of magistrates are also common. Crown Court typically has circuit judges who provide legal guidance to juries, make interpretations of law, and determine sentences for guilty defendants. Their role ensures proceedings follow legal procedures and justice is properly administered.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
If you're found guilty in a magistrates court, you can appeal either the conviction itself or the severity of your sentence. You'll need to act quickly though - appeals must be filed within 21 days of sentencing. These appeals work as retrials with a judge and two magistrates presiding. Don't assume an appeal automatically means a lighter sentence - the court can actually confirm, reduce, or even increase your original punishment.
Crown Court verdicts can be challenged through the Court of Appeal. Defendants must apply within 28 days of conviction, and a judge will first decide if the appeal should proceed. Rather than using juries, three judges make decisions in these cases. The prosecution can also appeal in specific circumstances, such as when legal errors occurred, juries were tampered with, sentencing was too lenient, or compelling new evidence has emerged.
At the very top of the judicial pyramid sits the Supreme Court. You can't simply choose to appeal here - cases only reach this level when significant public safety concerns or important legal principles are at stake.
Important! The appeal system provides checks and balances in the justice system, but having your case heard at higher levels isn't automatic - you need to demonstrate valid grounds for appeal.
The appeals process demonstrates how the UK legal system balances finality with the need to correct potential injustices. Each level of appeal features increasingly experienced judges and stricter requirements, ensuring that while everyone has rights to challenge verdicts, the system remains efficient and final decisions carry appropriate weight.
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
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Smart Tools NEW
Transform this note into: ✓ 50+ Practice Questions ✓ Interactive Flashcards ✓ Full Mock Exam ✓ Essay Outlines
Quotes from every main character
English LiteratureApp Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
Criminology