Types of Evidence and Their Validity

This page delves into the validity of different types of evidence used in criminal proceedings, including physical evidence, expert testimony, and witness accounts.

Physical Evidence: Physical evidence is considered valid when properly collected, transferred, stored, and analyzed by qualified personnel. The Crown Prosecution Service $CPS$ in the UK vets evidence to ensure it passes the 'Evidential Test' of the Full Code Test.

Example: Continuity of evidence is crucial for maintaining the validity of physical evidence. For instance, a DNA sample must be properly sealed, labeled, and documented from the crime scene to the laboratory to ensure its admissibility in court.

Expert Evidence: Expert testimony is generally regarded as having good validity due to the objectivity and experience of the experts. However, it's important to note that experts can make mistakes or be influenced by concerns for their reputation.

Vocabulary: Admissibility of evidence in criminal proceedings UK refers to the legal standards that determine whether evidence can be presented in court.

Witness/Testimonial Evidence: The validity of witness testimony can be affected by various factors, including:

• Mistaken identity
• Leading questions
• Memory erosion
• Weapons focus
• Discussion of events with others

Example: The Innocence Project has demonstrated how mistaken eyewitness identifications have led to wrongful convictions, highlighting the importance of critically examining witness testimony.

Validity of Trial Transcripts

This page focuses on the validity of trial transcripts and their importance in the criminal justice system.

Trial transcripts are documented proceedings of Crown Court trials, now recorded digitally rather than by stenographers. They serve several important purposes:

• Ensuring the rights of the accused in case of appeal
• Assisting the Parole Board in reviewing judges' advice on defendant risk upon release

Highlight: Trial transcripts are considered highly valid sources due to their official nature and the rarity of technical malfunctions in the recording process.

When assessing the validity of trial transcripts, consider the following factors:

• Bias
• Accuracy
• Currency
• Opinion
• Circumstance

Definition: Reliability and validity of forensic science evidence refers to the consistency and accuracy of scientific evidence presented in court, which can be crucial in determining the outcome of a case.

Validity of Media Reports in Crime Coverage

This page examines the validity of media reports on crime and their influence on public perception.

Journalists play a significant role in investigating and reporting crime stories that affect or interest the public. However, media reports can contain substantial bias, both intentional and unintentional.

Example: Influence of media on crime reporting examples can be seen in how different newspapers frame the same crime story based on their political leanings.

Newspapers: In Britain, newspapers often support specific political perspectives, which can influence their crime reporting. For instance:

• The Sun and Daily Mail tend to have a more Conservative leaning
• Newspaper journalists have the freedom to express opinions and make judgments, potentially introducing bias

Television and Radio: In the UK, these platforms are expected to present information impartially and free from political bias. However, criticisms have been raised, such as accusations of right-wing bias against the BBC.

Highlight: The impact of media on public perception of crime can be significant, often shaping public opinion and influencing policy decisions.

Validity of Court Judgments and Jury Decisions

This page explores the validity of court judgments and the factors that can influence jury decisions.

Court judgments from judges and juries are not always accurate and can be influenced by various biases:

1. Political bias: Jurors who believe sentences are too lenient may be more likely to find defendants guilty.
2. Race bias: Unconscious stereotypes can affect verdicts, potentially leading to unfair outcomes.
3. Gender bias: Assumptions about the character of rape victims have been known to influence jury decisions.

Example: Judicial bias cases UK have highlighted instances where judges' personal views or backgrounds may have influenced their rulings, raising questions about the impartiality of the justice system.

Highlight: The campaign group Inquest argues that there is an inherent bias in the system, particularly in cases involving deaths in police custody or due to actions of public organizations.

Example: The Hillsborough disaster inquiry is often cited as a case where institutional bias may have affected the initial inquest outcomes.

Vocabulary: Factors influencing jury decision making Psychology refers to the psychological processes and external influences that can impact how jurors interpret evidence and reach verdicts.

Understanding these potential biases is crucial for ensuring fair trials and maintaining public trust in the criminal justice system.

Examining Information Validity in Criminology

This page introduces the topic of examining information validity in criminology, which is a crucial aspect of Unit 3, Assessment Criterion 3.1. The concept of validity in criminological evidence is fundamental to ensuring fair and accurate legal proceedings.

Definition: Validity of evidence in criminology refers to the extent to which evidence accurately represents the facts or phenomena it is intended to measure or describe.

Highlight: Understanding the validity of evidence is essential for students of criminology, as it forms the basis for reliable criminal investigations and just legal outcomes.