Behavior Modification and Token Economies in Crime Control
Behavior modification therapy, based on Skinner's theory of operant conditioning, is another approach used in crime control settings, particularly in prisons and schools.
Definition: Operant conditioning is a learning process where behavior is modified through reinforcement and punishment.
A key application of this theory in criminology is the use of token economies.
Vocabulary: A token economy is a system where tokens are given for desired behaviors and can be exchanged for privileges.
How token economies work in crime control:
- Tokens are awarded for good behavior
- Tokens can be exchanged for various privileges
- The system aims to make good behavior more likely and undesirable behavior less likely
Example: In a prison setting, inmates might receive tokens for participating in educational programs or maintaining a clean cell, which they can then exchange for extra visitation time or recreational privileges.
The effectiveness of token economies in controlling crime is mixed:
- They can make prisoners more manageable while incarcerated
- The positive impact often stops when people are released from prison
- Effectiveness can be undermined if prisoners receive greater rewards or punishments from fellow inmates for non-compliance
Highlight: The limitations of token economies highlight the complexity of applying theories of crime prevention in real-world settings.
A 2010 study found that psychotherapy, including behavioral approaches, can be as effective with offenders as other forms of therapy. However, the long-term impact on recidivism rates remains a subject of ongoing research.
Quote: "Impact is short term and the positive impact on behaviour stops working when people are released from prison."
This observation underscores the need for comprehensive, multi-faceted approaches to crime control that address both immediate behavior management and long-term rehabilitation goals.
