Behavior Modification and Token Economies in Crime Control

Behavior modification therapy, based on Skinner's theory of operant conditioning, is another approach used in crime control settings, particularly in prisons and schools.

Definition: Operant conditioning is a learning process where behavior is modified through reinforcement and punishment.

A key application of this theory in criminology is the use of token economies.

Vocabulary: A token economy is a system where tokens are given for desired behaviors and can be exchanged for privileges.

How token economies work in crime control:

1. Tokens are awarded for good behavior
2. Tokens can be exchanged for various privileges
3. The system aims to make good behavior more likely and undesirable behavior less likely

Example: In a prison setting, inmates might receive tokens for participating in educational programs or maintaining a clean cell, which they can then exchange for extra visitation time or recreational privileges.

The effectiveness of token economies in controlling crime is mixed:

• They can make prisoners more manageable while incarcerated
• The positive impact often stops when people are released from prison
• Effectiveness can be undermined if prisoners receive greater rewards or punishments from fellow inmates for non-compliance

Highlight: The limitations of token economies highlight the complexity of applying theories of crime prevention in real-world settings.

A 2010 study found that psychotherapy, including behavioral approaches, can be as effective with offenders as other forms of therapy. However, the long-term impact on recidivism rates remains a subject of ongoing research.

Quote: "Impact is short term and the positive impact on behaviour stops working when people are released from prison."

This observation underscores the need for comprehensive, multi-faceted approaches to crime control that address both immediate behavior management and long-term rehabilitation goals.

Psychoanalysis and Aversion Therapy in Crime Control

Psychoanalysis, developed by Sigmund Freud, is a therapeutic approach that aims to make the unconscious mind conscious. In the context of criminology, it's used to understand and address the root causes of criminal behavior.

Definition: Psychoanalysis is the analysis of the psyche (mind) through various techniques to gain awareness of unconscious thoughts, feelings, and conflicts.

The theory posits that imbalances between the id, ego, and superego can lead to criminal behavior. By bringing unconscious motives to the surface, offenders can potentially correct their behavior and prevent future crimes.

Example: Early childhood interventions, such as NHS Health visitors and Sure Start centers, are informal policies linked to psychodynamic theory, aiming to influence parent-child relationships.

Aversion therapy is another approach used in crime control, particularly for treating sex offenders.

Vocabulary: Aversion therapy involves associating unacceptable thoughts or behaviors with adverse stimuli to discourage them.

Example: An offender might be asked to think about an unacceptable sexual fantasy while receiving an electric shock or nausea-inducing drug.

The effectiveness of these therapies in crime control is debatable:

• Psychoanalysis is time-consuming, costly, and rarely shows positive outcomes for offenders.
• Aversion therapy's effects are typically short-term and its use has been controversial.

Highlight: The application of individualistic theories of criminality in crime control policies often faces challenges in long-term effectiveness and ethical considerations.