Ever wondered what makes your computer actually work? The CPU... Show more
Computer Science
English Literature
Biology
SociologySign up to see the contentIt's free!
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
67
•
2 Jan 2026
•
Understanding System Architecture: The CPU and Embedded Systems
H
Hannah Crowley
@annahrowley_sqarhqzr
1 / 3
Systems Architecture and the CPU
The CPU is like your computer's control centre - it's constantly running the Fetch-Decode-Execute cycle to process all your data. Think of it as a super-fast worker that grabs instructions, figures out what they mean, then carries them out.
Inside the CPU, you've got several key components working together. The Control Unit (CU) acts like a traffic controller, managing timing and data flow whilst decoding instructions. The Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) handles all the maths and logical comparisons your computer needs to make.
Registers are tiny storage spaces that hold one piece of information (64 bits). The most important ones include the Program Counter (PC) which tracks the next instruction to run, the Memory Address Register (MAR) that stores memory locations, and the Accumulator (ACC) which holds calculation results.
Quick Tip: Think of registers like your desk drawers - small spaces where you keep the stuff you need right now for easy access!
The Von Neumann Architecture is the blueprint that most computers follow, where instructions and data share the same memory space. There's also cache memory - super-fast storage that keeps frequently used data close to the processor.
The Fetch-Decode-Execute Cycle and CPU Performance
The Fetch-Decode-Execute cycle is surprisingly straightforward. First, the address from the program counter gets copied to the MAR, then the instruction is fetched to the MDR, and the PC increases by 1. Next, the control unit decodes what the instruction actually means. Finally, the instruction gets executed (often using the ALU).
CPU performance depends on three main factors that you'll definitely need to know. Clock speed measures how many instructions can be processed per second (measured in Hertz) - average processors work at about 3GHz, meaning 3 billion instructions per second!
Cache size matters because it's memory stored right in the processor, giving lightning-fast access to frequently used instructions. The bigger the cache, the less time the CPU wastes waiting for data from slower RAM.
Remember: More cores = more parallel processing power, but only if your software can actually use multiple cores effectively!
Number of cores refers to separate processing units inside the CPU that can work independently. More cores mean more Fetch-Decode-Execute cycles can happen simultaneously, boosting performance for multitasking.
Embedded Systems vs General Purpose Computers
Embedded systems are specialised computers hidden inside everyday devices, designed for one specific job. They're everywhere - from your washing machine to your car's engine management system.
These systems have some brilliant characteristics that make them perfect for their jobs. They're cheap because they only need to do one thing well, have minimal user interfaces, and continuously repeat the same tasks. They're also small, use less power, and work relatively fast since they're not juggling multiple programmes.
You'll find embedded systems in loads of places: dishwashers, smart fridges, TVs, heating systems, windscreen wipers, and engine management systems. Each one is task-specific and built to excel at that particular function.
Real World Connection: Your smartphone actually contains multiple embedded systems (camera processor, GPS chip) alongside being a general-purpose computer!
General purpose computers are the complete opposite - they're designed to handle multiple tasks and purposes. Think laptops, desktop PCs, and smartphones. They're more expensive than embedded systems because they need the flexibility to run any software you throw at them, from games to word processors to video editing software.
We thought you’d never ask...
What is the Knowunity AI companion?
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
Where can I download the Knowunity app?
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
Is Knowunity really free of charge?
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
Most popular content in Computer Science
Most popular content
Can't find what you're looking for? Explore other subjects.
Students love us — and so will you.
4.9/5
App Store
4.8/5
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
Understanding System Architecture: The CPU and Embedded Systems
H
Hannah Crowley
@annahrowley_sqarhqzr
Ever wondered what makes your computer actually work? The CPU (Central Processing Unit) is basically the brain of your computer that processes everything you do. Let's break down how this clever bit of tech manages to run all your apps,... Show more
Systems Architecture and the CPU
The CPU is like your computer's control centre - it's constantly running the Fetch-Decode-Execute cycle to process all your data. Think of it as a super-fast worker that grabs instructions, figures out what they mean, then carries them out.
Inside the CPU, you've got several key components working together. The Control Unit (CU) acts like a traffic controller, managing timing and data flow whilst decoding instructions. The Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) handles all the maths and logical comparisons your computer needs to make.
Registers are tiny storage spaces that hold one piece of information (64 bits). The most important ones include the Program Counter (PC) which tracks the next instruction to run, the Memory Address Register (MAR) that stores memory locations, and the Accumulator (ACC) which holds calculation results.
Quick Tip: Think of registers like your desk drawers - small spaces where you keep the stuff you need right now for easy access!
The Von Neumann Architecture is the blueprint that most computers follow, where instructions and data share the same memory space. There's also cache memory - super-fast storage that keeps frequently used data close to the processor.
Sign up to see the contentIt's free!
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
The Fetch-Decode-Execute Cycle and CPU Performance
The Fetch-Decode-Execute cycle is surprisingly straightforward. First, the address from the program counter gets copied to the MAR, then the instruction is fetched to the MDR, and the PC increases by 1. Next, the control unit decodes what the instruction actually means. Finally, the instruction gets executed (often using the ALU).
CPU performance depends on three main factors that you'll definitely need to know. Clock speed measures how many instructions can be processed per second (measured in Hertz) - average processors work at about 3GHz, meaning 3 billion instructions per second!
Cache size matters because it's memory stored right in the processor, giving lightning-fast access to frequently used instructions. The bigger the cache, the less time the CPU wastes waiting for data from slower RAM.
Remember: More cores = more parallel processing power, but only if your software can actually use multiple cores effectively!
Number of cores refers to separate processing units inside the CPU that can work independently. More cores mean more Fetch-Decode-Execute cycles can happen simultaneously, boosting performance for multitasking.
Sign up to see the contentIt's free!
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Embedded Systems vs General Purpose Computers
Embedded systems are specialised computers hidden inside everyday devices, designed for one specific job. They're everywhere - from your washing machine to your car's engine management system.
These systems have some brilliant characteristics that make them perfect for their jobs. They're cheap because they only need to do one thing well, have minimal user interfaces, and continuously repeat the same tasks. They're also small, use less power, and work relatively fast since they're not juggling multiple programmes.
You'll find embedded systems in loads of places: dishwashers, smart fridges, TVs, heating systems, windscreen wipers, and engine management systems. Each one is task-specific and built to excel at that particular function.
Real World Connection: Your smartphone actually contains multiple embedded systems (camera processor, GPS chip) alongside being a general-purpose computer!
General purpose computers are the complete opposite - they're designed to handle multiple tasks and purposes. Think laptops, desktop PCs, and smartphones. They're more expensive than embedded systems because they need the flexibility to run any software you throw at them, from games to word processors to video editing software.
We thought you’d never ask...
What is the Knowunity AI companion?
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
Where can I download the Knowunity app?
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
Is Knowunity really free of charge?
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
0
Smart Tools NEW
Transform this note into: ✓ 50+ Practice Questions ✓ Interactive Flashcards ✓ Full Mock Exam ✓ Essay Outlines
Mock Exam
Quiz
Flashcards
Essay
Most popular content in Computer Science
Most popular content
Can't find what you're looking for? Explore other subjects.
Students love us — and so will you.
4.9/5
App Store
4.8/5
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user