Orality and Composition of the Iliad

The Iliad's composition reflects its origins in an oral tradition, likely dating to the 8th century BCE:

• Composed during a period when writing was not widespread
• Intended for oral performance rather than written dissemination

Vocabulary: Linear B - An ancient script used by Mycenaean Greeks, which fell out of use during the Greek Dark Ages.

The poem's oral nature is evident in its use of repetition and formulaic elements:

1. Epithets: Characters are often described using consistent adjectives or phrases

   Example: "swift-footed Achilles" or "Agamemnon, lord of men"

2. Verbatim repetition: Entire lines or passages are repeated throughout the work
3. Type-scenes: Similar events (e.g., arming for battle) are described using nearly identical language and structure

Definition: Type-scene - A recurring narrative unit in oral poetry, describing a conventional situation using a standardized set of details or motifs.

These repetitive elements served practical purposes in oral composition and performance:

• Aided the poet's memory
• Provided familiar rhythms for the audience
• Allowed for improvisation within a structured framework

Scholars have debated the implications of these repetitions:

• Analytic approach: Views the Iliad as a compilation of earlier songs
• Unitarian approach: Considers the repetitions as intentional literary devices

The oral composition of the Iliad contributes to its unique style and structure, reflecting the cultural context in which it was created and performed.

Women in the Iliad: Key Figures and Their Roles

The Iliad features several prominent female characters, both mortal and divine, who play crucial roles in the narrative. These include:

• Helen: The catalyst for the Trojan War
• Andromache: Hector's wife, representing the domestic sphere
• Hecuba: Queen of Troy and mother of Hector
• Briseis and Chryseis: Captive women at the center of conflicts
• Goddesses: Hera, Aphrodite, and Athena, influencing events from Olympus

While women do not participate in direct combat, they significantly influence the plot:

1. Helen's abduction serves as the primary cause of the war
2. Agamemnon's seizure of Briseis triggers Achilles' wrath
3. The refusal to ransom Chryseis leads to a devastating plague

Highlight: The actions and fates of women in the Iliad often drive the narrative forward, despite their limited agency in the male-dominated society.

Women are frequently portrayed as objects of value and desire, exchanged between men as symbols of honor and power. This objectification is evident in their treatment as prizes and their limited dialogue in the poem.

The role of women in the Iliad extends to the domestic sphere, providing a stark contrast to the battlefield. Book 6 particularly emphasizes this division, showcasing Hector's interactions with the women of Troy.

Quote: Hector tells Andromache, "go to the house and busy yourself with your own tasks, the loom and the distaff, and tell your handmaids to ply their work: and war will be a concern for men."

This separation of spheres allows readers to compare and evaluate the different aspects of Greek society during wartime.